Results The data obtained from the experiment had undergone statistical analysis using t-tests and the results were recorded in Figure 1.0 and Figure 1.1 above. According to the data obtained in Figure 1.0, the p-value is less than 0.05 in all 5 treatment solutions. It is also shown intensity Figure 1.0, the calculated t-value of each concentration of NaHCO3 in each treatment is greater than the critical t-value. These findings show that the null hypothesis is rejected, and that there is a major difference between the observed and expected values. It is also observed that in the data in Figure 1.1, as the concentration of the NaHCO3 increases, the greater the production of oxygen. The highest photosynthetic rate is in at a 1.0% concentration of NaHCO3and the lowest in at a 0.1% concentration of NaHCO3. It is also important to note that the 0.4% concentration of NaHCO3 had a greater oxygen production than the 0.6% concentration of NaHCO3. This finding could have been due to experimental errors which affected the results. Discussion …show more content…
The null hypothesis, “There is no difference in the concentrations of NaHCO3 and the rate of photosynthetic activity.” is rejected. The alternative hypothesis is supported, that which the greater concentration of NaHCO3, the greater the rate of photosynthesis. Since it was found that the p-value was less than 0.05 in table 1 in all five treatments, this allows the null hypothesis to be rejected. This finding correlates with real life observations of faster rates of oxygen production during lab within the higher concentrations of
Suppose we have a single-hop RCS where there is one AF relay that amplifies the signal received from a transmitter and forwards it to a receiver. Assume that the transmitter sends over the transmitter-to-relay channel a data symbol ${s_k}$, from a set of finite modulation alphabet, $S={S_1, S_2,ldots,S_{cal A}}$, where ${cal A}$ denotes the size of the modulation alphabet. The discrete-time baseband equivalent signal received by the relay, $z_k$, at time $k$ is given by egin{equation} z_k = h_{1,k}s_k + n_{1,k},~~~~for~~k=1,2,ldots,M label{relaySignal} end{equation} where $n_{1,k}sim {cal N}_c(0,sigma_{n1}^2)$ is a circularly-symmetric complex Gaussian noise added by the transmitter-to-relay channel, $h_{1,k}$ denotes the transmitter-to-relay channel, and
1. The test subjects will prepare for sleep by acquiring everything needed for the subjects’ sleep preferences. 2. The test subjects will all set alarms on their smartphones for approximately 6, 8, and 10 hours after the subjects’ enter the resting period (Subjects may wake during the resting period for the bathroom, but they must not stay awake for more than ten minutes at a time to prevent as much deviation as possible.). 3.
determine each pixel belongs to background or foreground. Wis the weights between the pattern and summationneurons, which are used to point out with which a pattern belongs to the background or foreground. They areupdated when each new value of a pixel at a certain position received by implementing the following function:Wt+1ib =fc(1−βNpn)Wib+MAtβ!(37)Wt+1i f=(1−Wt+1ib)(38)whereWtibis the weight between theith pattern neuron and the background summation neuron at timet,βisthe learning rate,Npnis the number of the pattern neurons of BNN,fcis the following function:fc(x)1,x>1x,x≤1(39)MAtindicates the neuron with the maximum response (activation potential) at frame t, according to:MAt1,f or neuron with maximum response0,otherwise(40)Function
1. Identify the range of senses involved in communication • Sight (visual communication), Touch (tactile communication), Taste, Hearing (auditory communication), Smell (olfactory communication) 2. Identify the limited range of wavelengths and named parts of the electromagnetic spectrum detected by humans and compare this range with those of THREE other named vertebrates and TWO named invertebrates. Figure 1: the electromagnetic spectrum source: www.ces.fau.edu Vertebrates Human Japanese Dace Fish Rattlesnake Zebra Finch Part of electromagnetic spectrum detected ROYGBV (visible light) detected by light sensitive cells in the eye called rods and cones.
While the absolute value of slope of the graph for the solution containing only 0.5 mL mitochondrial suspension was 4 x 10-4, the slope of the graph for the solution containing 0.5 mL of mitochondrial suspension, 0.5 mL of 100 mM succinate, and 0.5 mL of 100 mM malonate was 7 x 10-4. Although this change is not large, it does demonstrate that the addition of TCA cycle intermediates has an impact on reaction rate. The decrease in the rate of reaction of the sample containing 0.5 mL of mitochondrial suspension, 0.5 mL of 100 mM succinate, and 0.5 mL of 100 mM malonate as compared to the sample with only 0.5 mL of mitochondrial suspension and 0.5 mL of 100 mM succinate shows that the addition of malonate inhibits the reduction of
Because carbon dioxide is absorbed by the plant during photosynthesis less carbon dioxide present in the chamber is a sign that photosynthesis is working. The four lights used for this experiment range across the light spectrum on both sides in order to test a wider variety of wavelengths. All lights will be placed directly on the spinach leaf at the same distance so as not to give any spinach leaf a different light intensity, which could affect the data. This experiment will be able to show which light, ranging across the light spectrum, will allow the Spinach to perform photosynthesis more efficiently.
While CO2 is produced, the amount of CO2 produced is different depending on the organisms, in this case crayfish. To test the changes in pH, NaOH is used to neutralize the carbonic acid produced by the crayfish, by which the
The most important result from this experiment is that it suggested that the increase of Carbon Dioxide, will drastically increase the growth mountain maple in the covered (from the sun) parts in a forest, in the meantime any increase in the temperature of the soil will nullify the increase of light, as we know is to be the main ingredient for photosynthesis. 5. The authors do not use any citations in the
Lab 1 helps create a better understand of the changes in crystal structures when the annealing and quenching process is applied to 1020 and 1080 steel. The numbered steel refers to the ASTM grain-size number. Formula 1 is used to solve for the grain size. n=2^(G-1) Equation (1) at 100x magnification Crystal structures change shapes which changes the strength of the material and its properties. The metal might become soft, brittle, hard, or ductile.
Activity 1 Increasing extracellular K+ reduces the net diffusion of K+ out of the neuron through the K+ leak channels because it caused to decrease in the concentration gradient. Increasing extracellular K+ causes the membrane potential to change to a less negative value because extracellular K+ is increasing, which it will cause intracellular K+ to be less. A change in extracellular Na+ did not alter the membrane potential in the resting neuron because there are a lot of K+ leak channels than Na+ leak channels The relative permeability of the membrane to Na+ and K+ in a resting neuron is that Na+ leak channel is less, but K+ leak channels has more so the membrane become less permeable to Na+.
The hypothesis proposed that if the leaf disks were put in solutions that are at different temperatures, then the leaf disks in the warmest solution would produce oxygen the fastest. The data revealed that there is great support for this hypothesis. The data showed that the solution with all ten of the leaf disks floating in the least amount of time was the 38°C solution which was the warmest. In contrast the solution that had the least amount of leaf disks, about seven and a half leaf disks, was the 7°C solution which was the coolest. The control solution had the second most leaf disks, on average, floating at 20 minutes.
This could have impact different sized cubes to varying extents. Human error also occurred when the 3cm3 cube had to be repeated as it was initially incorrectly measured. This could have contributed to the results being less reliable as the concentration of phenolphthalein in the agar cube could have been different from that of the other cubes (Unknown, 2008). The method was quite successful and produced relatively accurate results. Next time, a substance such as hydrochloric acid could be used instead of sulphuric
Firstly, because the NaHCO3 compound was not stored in a sealed container, therefore dust particles could have changed the results, and making the product impure. Also, there are uncertainties associated with the instruments used in this experiment. This, if the products were measured slightly more than should be, this could have affected the concentrations of the solutions, and therefore causing a larger
Research Question: How does the presence of light impact the rate of transpiration in plants? Aim: The aim of this experiment was to investigate how the presence of light affects the rate of transpiration in plants. Hypothesis: As light intensity increases, the rate of transpiration (water uptake) in a plant increases.
Ever since the industrial revolution commenced, around one third of the carbon dioxide released by human interference has been absorbed by the ocean, which is one of the reasons of the drastic change in climate as well. Without the ocean absorbing carbon dioxide, the carbon dioxide n the atmosphere would be drastically higher, with possibly increasing the levels of climate change. The point of the research is to see how will the pH affect the organisms in the marine ecosystem and does carbonation affect an organism’s mass and form. Many organisms that are part of the marine food chain are going to be affected by ocean acidification due the levels of acidity deteriorating the calcium carbonate within the animal. It turns out