DEVELOPMENT PSYCHOLOGY: REFLECTIVE ESSAY In life of an individual there are several developmental changes or events which occur as continuity of span of life. Some of life developmental stages include infantile, adolescence, maturity, and adulthood. These phases have biological, social, psychological and physiognomic reasons to which an individual completed the course of life. Psychological analysis upon the developmental stages include the focus on characterization, demarcation and the social interaction of individual’s life (Baltes & Schaie, 2013). Adolescence is the stage which has more potential and energetics but with all positive aspects this stage has some developmental events which need to be observe and controlled for making a normal and good personality. The concept refers to the psychological chenges which begin with puberty and end at the …show more content…
He constructed eight developmental stages depending upon sociological and psychological developmental instruments and methods. He published psychoanalytical theory of eight levels in his book entitled “The eight ages of Man” in 1950, but later on modified and expanded the theory. He has explained the term epigenetic and represented with space and time and focused on personality and behavioral influences from birth to mature nature of an individual. He also focus on the nature and its reflection due to experiences during the eight stages (Erikson, 1950). Erik Erikson's stages of development: Erik Erikson developed model for the interpretations of reflections due to experiences during eight stages in life of an individual. He constructed model based on psychosocial developmental processes, which can be viewed as; Table: Eight psychosocial crisis of Erik Erikson’s Model (Erikson, 1950) No. Psychosocial Crisis Stage Issues Virtues Distortions 1. “Trust Vs. Mistrust” Infant Feeding, sleep, comfort Hope Sensory
According to Shaffer (2009), Erikson believed that human beings face eight major crises, or conflicts, during the course of their lives. Each conflict has its own time for emerging, as dictated by both biological maturation and the social demands that developing people experience at particular points in life (p.42). Every age someone deals with tells a story in their lifetime. There are eight stages in the Erikson’s stages.
His model of ‘eight stages of psychosocial development’ explains that the human development process is influenced by the society, culture, personal circumstances, relationships and environment. He considers that identity, emotions, thoughts and personalities are formed through the associations between the individuals, the society and the circumstances in which they live in. He speaks about the development challenges and conflicts individuals have to tackle in the stages of their lives (Crawford and walker: 2007). The ability to deal with these challenges and conflicts can be the source of gaining vital expertise, skills and strength for the next stages. Although successful conclusion of each stage is not entirely critical, failure can be detrimental to the development of the personality, character and self- regard and, may possibly bring about developmental stagnation, whereas assistance and support can help to overcome this obstacle (Trevithick: 2012).
In studying adolescent development, adolescence can be defined biologically, as the physical transition marked by the onset of puberty and the termination of physical growth; cognitively, as changes in the ability to think abstractly and multi-dimensionally; or socially, as a period of preparation for adult roles. Cognitive advances encompass both increases in knowledge and in the ability to think abstractly and to reason more effectively. Developmental psychologists might focus on changes in relations with parents and peers as a function of school structure and pubertal status. Therefore, as adolescents grow in maturity they also learn how to regulate their emotions which has positive and negative effects on relationship with family and friends. (a textbook of child psychology virender kumar 2012).
The following stage is the “Identity vs Role Confusion” stage. This is an important stage of our lifespan. Teenager will start to explore their identity and look for their future in different aspect such as career, relationship and values. Some of the teenagers might facing the confusion that they do not know what is their value and responsibility to their surrounding and world which resulting them to go through the period of ‘psychosocial
According to Erickson (1950) psychological development results from the interaction between maturational processes or biological needs and the societal demands and social forces encountered in everyday life. (Salkind, 2004) As you know Erickson’s theories contains eight stages and in order to move onto the next stage you must have resolved any conflict that may have occurred.
Life-span development theory The Erikson’s life-span development theory consists of eight stages, whereby each stage consists of a developmental task with a crisis confrontation.
Human development is a concept that has been researched and explored by many scholars and experts for centuries throughout human history. By the fact that human development begins at a cell-level, it is evident that there are numerous stages, which people go through between childhood and maturity. During these stages, people change and acquire other traits in terms of behavior and character. Additionally, they able to cope with certain environmental conditions as a result of adaptive features and abilities, acquired through human development. The study of adult development is, one might say, in its infancy.
After an examination of Erik Erikson and Daniel Levinson’s theories at first sight not much is alike, since the stages both differ, but digging deeper in Erikson's and Levinson’s theories have similar ideas in social development; after all, these two studies differ in the outcome. Erik erikson's theories have a greater underlining on child-adolescent development, he believes that early development of a child is the foundation and is the greatest impact on a person's identity and personality later on in life. Erikson presents the stages from childhood to adulthood, but in his theory the only significant development is during childhood, which is the problem, since an individual goes through life experiences throughout life they may have a great impact as an adult too. On the other hand Daniel Levinson’s theory signifies changes throughout all of life's experiences, from childhood to adulthood and continuing. Levinson’s theory believes that we adapt ad we let go of certain things as we move on in life and move from one stage to another.
Human Development - Adolescence PSY1009 10/6/2017 Kamilah Vein – 1602511 Words: 999 Tutor: Tsietso Mafoso (Tuesday 14:15-15:00) Human Development refers to the psychological and biological development of a person throughout their lifespan. This development consists of the transitions from infancy, to childhood, to adolescence and finally to adulthood.
Erikson was highly influenced by Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytical Theory of Development. Although, at first Freud was limited to childhood based on the phallic stage, Erikson focused on developing a lifespan theory. The eight stages are as followed: Trust vs. Mistrust (infancy): The basic and fundamental psychological task is for infants to develop a sense that their needs will be met by the outside world. Is their caregiver responsive, reliable, and willing to meet their needs? That basic trust is facilitated by a responsive caregiver once an infant gets hungry, injured, or needs to be changed.
For example, one of the most influential psychological theorist, Erik Erikson had come up with the theory of personality development. It consists of eight stages of development starting with infancy and ending with late adulthood. Focusing on the second stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt; it is believed that the importance of the caregivers is seen and that they should provide guided opportunity for a child to explore their world, which then a sense of autonomy is developed where the psychological strength of self-control and willpower is gained . This shows that without the
I will compare and contrast Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory and Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory. Erikson is a psychoanalytic theorist who believes that our unconscious mind and early experiences in life shape our development. Erikson postulates that we develop in 8 stages that he calls psychosocial stages. Bandura, on the other hand, holds that we develop based on social cognitive stages that are affected by environmental influences. Let’s start with Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory.
Child development or normal development is usually defined as a normal progress by which children’s behaviours and skills change over time (Smith, 2012). Child development generally involves motor skills, physical appearance, cognitive behaviour, social and emotional behaviour, communication and language skill, and the ability to help themselves and adapt. Child development can be described in different ways such as the rate of development which differs from child to child, development should take place over a long period of time and should follow some sort of order. As children grow, various physical and developmental milestones will be reached. Atypical development can be said to be uncommon and not normal.
Historically, human development was seen as taking place in infancy and childhood, thus assuming that further development is not very interesting. Most personality characteristics (e.g., intelligence, social competence) were seen as fully developed by young adulthood without undergoing significant changes thereafter. With more refined empirical studies on human development it became obvious that individual behavior can significantly change until very old age (Baltes, Staudinger, & Lindenberger, 1999). Therefore, an important issue of modern developmental psychology is to study stabilities and change of human development over the life span. Changes in human behavior over the life span include biological processes (e.g., hormonal production in
Theoretical framework Erik Erikson based on Freud's thoughts and augmented his hypothesis by focusing on the psycho social parts of advancement past early adolescence. His hypothesis of improvement holds that psycho sexual development and psycho social development happen together, and that at each phase of life we confront the assignment of building up harmony amongst ourselves and our social world. He depicts advancement as far as the whole life expectancy, separated by particular emergencies to be settled. As indicated by Erikson, an emergency is equal to a defining moment in life when we can possibly push ahead or to relapse.