European History

Sub-headings:

Prehistoric Europe

Europe before civilization or writing; also, the preliterate civilizations of Northern Europe prior to their colonization by the Romans or their successors.

Antiquity

History of the Near East and the Mediterranean world, including Egypt, prior to the concept of Europe as distinct from Africa and Asia (which arose in the fourth or fifth century AD).

Middle Ages (Medieval)

Renaissance

World War I

World War II

Resources in this category:

Airs, Anthems, Ballads, Canons, Ditties, Folksongs, Hymns and War Songs
http://www.musicanet.org/robokopp/

A database of folksongs of the world including the areas of Germany, England, France, Ireland, Austria, Scotland, and Wales. Both the lyrics and sound files (MIDI format) are available for many songs.

Alexander Palace Time Machine
http://www.alexanderpalace.org/palace/

Originally a virtual tour of the home of the last Tsar and his family, the site has evolved into a general resource for information on the last years of Imperial Russia. "Here you can browse from a wide range of options - from rare online books, to palaces, recipes, antique cars and travelogues."

Architecture of Ireland
http://www.irish-architecture.com/

This site includes news, events, articles, and postcards relating to Irish architecture. It also features sections on "Buildings of Ireland" and "Architects of Ireland."

The Armenian Genocide
http://www.theforgotten.org/

From 1915-1921, an estimated 1.5 million Armenians were killed by the Ottoman Turkish Empire. Using photographs, a timeline, and video interviews with survivors, this exhibit examines the first genocide of the 20th century.

Armenian National Institute
http://www.armenian-genocide.org/

"The Armenian National Institute (ANI) is a non-profit organization based in Washington, D.C., dedicated to the study, research, and affirmation of the Armenian Genocide. Its overarching goal is affirmation of the worldwide recognition of the Armenian Genocide." This site contains a wealth of resources related to the genocide of Armenians by the Turkish Empire, beginning in 1915. Included are government documents affirming the genocide, press coverage of the genocide, maps, a chronology, an FAQ, and collections of photographs. Educational resources for teaching about genocide are also included.

Armenica
http://www.armenica.org/

Comprehensive site detailing the history of Armenia, its military and goverment. Includes a historical chronology, maps, and posings of current events.

Aspects of the Victorian Book
http://www.bl.uk/collections/early/victorian/intro.html

This site explains how the mechanization of the industrial revolution and increased literacy changed publishing during 19th-century England. This site discusses penny dreadfuls, yellow backs, children's books, magazines, and novels.

Behind the Mask: The IRA and Sinn Fein
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/ira/

This is the companion website to the PBS Frontline documentary of the same name, offering an account of the history of the Irish Republican Army and its struggle against British rule in Northern Ireland. It includes interviews with people from both sides of the conflict, a chronology of the IRA, and readings and special reports about the Northern Irish "Troubles".

The British Empire
http://www.britishempire.co.uk/

Site devoted to the history of the British Empire. Categories to browse include timelines, art and culture, armed forces and bibliographies. Also offers a resources section that includes a glossary of terms and links to related information.

The British Monarchy
http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page1.asp

Official site for the British Royal Family. Searchable site includes information on the history of the monarchy and members of the current family as well as a gallery of the Royal Collection, castle factsheets, and information about accession, coronation and succession.

The Carpathian Connection
http://www.tccweb.org/

"Premier independent genealogy and historial reference site for those researching ancestors from the Carpathian Mountain regions of Eastern Europe. A fantastic resource for students to gain information on the various heritages and cultures who inhabited these territories." Contains information on Eastern European villages, customs and folklore, immigration, settlements and neighborhoods in the US, along with research resources and a surnames listing.

Chateau de Versailles
http://en.chateauversailles.fr/homepage

This museum is located near Paris and includes many masterpieces. This website describes the history of the chateau through the buildings, gardens and famous royalty that have lived there. Take a tour with the interactive map.

Chris De Witt's Berlin Wall Web Page
http://www.appropriatesoftware.com/BerlinWall/welcome.html

Chris De Witt's Berlin Wall Web Pages are a great resource to students of history who want to learn more about Berlin's divided past. This web site guides visitors on a virtual tour of Berlin's past and present with loads of photos and essays about the city. The site provides its visitors a more intimate look into a city with a significant role in world history.

Crimean Tatar Home Page
http://www.euronet.nl/users/sota/krimtatar.html

"This Web site includes documents, articles, news items, essays, poems, and interviews that cover Crimean Tatar history and culture, their experiences during deportation and exile, and the national movement which initiated the return to Crimea."

Croatia, an Overview of its History, Culture, and Science
http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/etfss.html

This site gives an overview of Croatian history and culture, including information on Croatian language and dialects, and also a section on Croatian scientists and scientific history. The historical and cultural overview section includes photographs of relics and artifacts from Croatian history.

Early Modern English Source
http://www.quelle.org/emes/

"These pages are designed to assist historians (and others who have an interest in history) in locating information, principally from the Internet, for the history of early modern England and Britain. Among these pages you will find information regarding recent publications, resources for research, reviews and abstracts. Additionally, this site provides announcements concerning conferences, seminars, and calls for papers."

18th Century Costume Resources Online
http://www.costumes.org/history/100pages/18thlinks.htm

Internal and external links about the history of costume in 18th century Europe. Information on styles, hair and wigs, shoes, fabrics and many more. Profusely illustated.

The Emancipation of Women: 1750-1920
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/women.htm

A detailed history of the English Suffragette movement, including biographies, information on women in the 19th century, pressure groups, strategy and tactics, and parliamentary reform acts.

EU History: History of European Integration Site
http://www.eu-history.leidenuniv.nl/

Annotated guide to Web resources relating to the history of European integration. Organized by type of resource.

ExLibris
http://www.exlibris.org/

"Surveys bibliographical materials concerning English dissenters who were active prior to the English civil war and during the Interregnum. ExLibris provides researchers with a variety of textual and bibliographical information both through these pages and by links to other Web sites."

The Face of Russia
http://www.pbs.org/weta/faceofrussia/

Explore who the Russian people are, their character, conflicts, art, culture, and more through this PBS site's timeline of Russian history and reference section, which includes a bibliography and a history of the Cyrillic alphabet.

GENUKI
http://www.genuki.org.uk/

Links to genealogical information and resources for Ireland and the entire United Kingdom (England, Scotland, Wales, the Channel Islands, and the Isle of Man). Information on accessing public records (divided by county). Help on getting started with genealogical research.

Great Britain Historical Database Online, 1841-1939
http://hds.essex.ac.uk/gbh.asp

"The Great Britain Historical Database is a large database of British nineteenth and twentieth-century statistics. It contains: Statistics from the 1861 Census and the Registrar General's reports, 1851-1861; Employment statistics from the census, 1841-1931; Demographic statistics from the census, 1841-1931; Mortality statistics from the Registrar General's reports, 1861-1920; Marriage statistics from the Registrar General's reports, 1841-1870; Trade union statistics for the Amalgamated Society of Engineers (ASE), 1851-1918; Official poor law statistics, 1859-1915 and 1919-1939; Small debt statistics from county courts, 1847-1913." Registration is required.

The Hellenic Genocide
http://www.greece.org/genocide/quotes

"The work contains quotes from historical documents written during the time of the Hellenic Genocide (1894-1955) and related photos. It's focused on the Hellenes but it also mentions the Armenians and Assyrians. The quotes are from documents that are online in their entirety. This way, the reader can easily extend their research. Most photos are shown with a related quote to place it in its historical context."

Herodotus Project
http://losttrails.com/pages/Hproject.html

The focus of this educational website is to document and translate the works of Greek historian Herodotus. In addition to the text of his works, you can also find extensive photography of the locations and artifacts mentioned in the book. In keeping with the interests of Herodotus in ethnography and history, there are also field recordings and examples of authentic traditional folk music from Greece and Romania. Music from Turkey and Bulgaria will be added soon.

History for Kids! -- Ancient Greece
http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/greeks/index.htm

A place for elementary and middle school students to learn about the history, culture, and achievements of Ancient Greece. Written in an entertaining and informative manner.

History of Finland: A selection of events and documents
http://www.histdoc.net/history/history.html

History of Finland from 1200 through World War II. Divided into three periods, Swedish Rule, Russian Rule, and Independence. Includes numerous documents.

History of Scotland
http://www.electricscotland.com/history/

This site provides historical information on Scottish social and military history. It is part of Electric Scotland, which provides historical information and "details on present day business, culture and tourism" in Scotland.

In Search of Scotland
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/

Web site based on "a ten-part BBC television series that questions the nature of Scottish national identity through an expansive and detailed historical investigation of the country¹s history...The 'In Search of Scotland' website offers a full range of historical resources to complement and enhance your enjoyment of the programme, including information on most of the historical locations visited during the series."

Internet Modern History Sourcebook
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook.html

Covers modern European history and American history, as well as modern Western Civilization and World Cultures, covering the Reformation through present day. Offers links to a large number of online texts covering almost every aspect of modern history. Browsable by topic and searchable.

Irish Genealogical Society-International
http://www.irishgenealogical.org/

"A non-profit organization dedicated to the study and advancement of genealogy in Ireland, North and South, and around the world." Website includes items of interest to Irish genealogists, including church records, census substitutes, cemetery lists, and Irish surname info.

Irish History on the Web
http://larkspirit.com/history/

Features historical materials dealing with Ireland and Northern Ireland, including original articles, bibliographies, timelines, historical documents, geneaological links, information on politics, and links to various related sites.

Joan's Royalty in History Site
http://www.xs4all.nl/~kvenjb/kings.htm

The facts about "non-Royal behaviour of Royals in history." Articles detail some of the strangest and most notorious European rulers on record. Also, find a genealogy of Dutch royalty and suggestions for further reading.

Kavals and Dzamares: End-blown Flutes of Greece and Macedonia
http://www.research.umbc.edu/eol/4/tammer/index.html

A history of the end-blown flutes of Greece and Macedonia. The making of kavals is depicted in a series of photos and instrument design and tunings are discussed in an appendix.

Land Forces of Britain, the Empire and Commonwealth
http://regiments.org/

This site strives for comprehensiveness, bringing together all Internet resources pertaining to land forces that were at any time part of the British Empire or Commonwealth... There are several thousand links on these pages. The focus is generally on manifestations of the British regimental system throughout the world." Links are divided into several sections: Regiments, Countries, International, Reviews, and Advertisers." Also includes links to some military history resources outside of the British Commonwealth.

Latvian Folklore and Traditional Culture
http://folklora.lv/en.shtml

Find out more about Latvian Folklore groups, activities, traditional instruments and performance styles. Traditional performance groups are divided by location and alphabetically, and some include musical samples.

Library of Congress Guide to the War of 1812
http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/1812/

Relive the war of 1812! This site offers first hand accounts of wartime and more information than you can shoot a cannon at! Follow the external links for more about the war of 1812, and check out the bibliography to find more sources.

Meeting of Frontiers
http://frontiers.loc.gov/intldl/mtfhtml/mfsplash.html

"Meeting of Frontiers is a bilingual, multimedia English-Russian digital library that tells the story of the American exploration and settlement of the West, the parallel exploration and settlement of Siberia and the Russian Far East, and the meeting of the Russian-American frontier in Alaska and the Pacific Northwest." Maps, photographs, and original manuscripts are provided.

The National Archives of Ireland
http://www.nationalarchives.ie/index.html

This site includes research guides about family history, the Great Famine, Transportation to Australia, and others; it also includes searchable databases of indices of government papers (the documents themselves can only be viewed on-site). A small section of the site is in Irish.

The National Archives Virtual Museum
http://www.pro.gov.uk/virtualmuseum/

The Virtual Museum of the PRO (The Public Record Office is the national archive of England, Wales and the United Kingdom) "provides a showcase for some of the treasures at the PRO’s new Education and Visitor Centre (opens in a new window) at Kew, including a host of landmark documents from the past 1000 years of British history. Many of these items have never before been on display. Visitors can explore everything from Famous Names to Crime & Punishment, and from War & Defence to Kings & Queens. They can find out surprising facts about famous people - including William Shakespeare, Robin Hood and Sir Elton John - as well as the extraordinary feats of ordinary people."

The Official Guide to Russia
http://www.geographia.com/russia/

Historical and regional information about Russia for English speakers who want to travel through Russia.

Outlaws and Highwaymen: The History of the Highwaymen and Their Predecessors, the Medieval Outlaws
http://www.outlawsandhighwaymen.com/

The texts assembled on this site illustrate the history of the English highwaymen. Many are not easily available elsewhere. They include: street ballads; songs; extracts from pamphlet ‘lives’; ‘merry tales’; underworld exposés; satires; letters." Browse for materials by genre, chronologically, or by author; or explore contextually via a historical outline.

Patrin
http://www.synthetic.clara.co.uk/patrin/

Patrin is a learning resource and information centre about Romani culture, social issues, and current events. This web site has articles, links to other resources, a history of the Romani people, and information on language, culture, and arts.

PBS: Red Files
http://www.pbs.org/redfiles/

This website correlates with PBS's RED FILES broadcast which includes stills of the original television programs, including "Secret Victories of the KGB," "Soviet Sports Wars," "Secret Soviet Moon Mission," and the "Soviet Propaganda Machine." Also includes updates on events, Russian Archives Online, and even an "Investigative Assets" section targeted for educators and students.

Powys: A Day in the Life
http://a-day-in-the-life.powys.org.uk/eng/eindex.html

This website organizes a digital history project in Powys, Wales, comparing life in Powys in 1891 to contemporary times. The Powys information and material was gathered from collections throughout the county. The contemporary information came from diaries kept on September 24, 2002. The site looks at such issues as communications, community and civic life, culture and entertainment, education, health care, home life, law and order, social conditions, transport and work. The project is funded jointly by New Opportunities Fund and Powys County Council.

Propaganda Postcards of the Great War
http://www.ww1-propaganda-cards.com/

A collection of propaganda postcards, with historical background, on all facets of World War One and from all the warring nations. Also includes so called "mocking cards" from all these countries.

Queen Victoria's Empire
http://www.pbs.org/empires/victoria/

"Online companion to the PBS television series. Includes educational resources and an online game exploring the British empire under Victoria. "

Real Regency Clothing
http://locutus.ucr.edu/~cathy/reg3.html

This website includes many images of fashion plates of the Regency period during the early 19th century. There is information on appropriate dress for the time of day and the occasion. Also, the site includes details on fashion accessories and shoes. This is a good resource for costume history during Jane Austen's time.

Resources, Russian Studies
http://www.bucknell.edu/x983.xml

A comprehensive guide to Internet resources relating to Russia, particularly her history and culture. Includes a chronology of Russian history from 860 A.D. to the present, as well as information about Russian cuisine, religion, theater, humor, and other cultural topics.

Revelations from the Russian Archives
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/intro.html

An online exhibit of actual documents from the archives of the former Soviet Union, including translations and accompanying text. Offers sections on Soviet internal affairs and US-USSR relations.

Russian History Websites
http://www.alexanderpalace.org/

A collection of 16 web exhibits on pre-Revolution Russian history. A romantic view of the lives of the Romanov family and court, palaces, Russian cities, and religious life. Essays, first-person accounts, and extensive graphics.

The Russian Revolution
http://www.barnsdle.demon.co.uk/russ/rusrev.html

Browsable list of links to a large number of online texts and articles, primary documents, maps, and images dealing with the Russian Revolution.

The Scots at War Trust
http://www.scotsatwar.co.uk/

Scottish Military History project, concentrating on the 20th century. Honor roll alphabetically lists birth, death, and military service information for those who served in the armed and civilian forces. Also includes historic images, veterans' reminiscences, and five BBC radio programs available for download.

Scottish History
http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/history/

The BBC's website on Scottish history includes Scotland on Film, a collection of clips from film, television and radio, In Search of Scotland, articles about important people and historical moments in Scottish history, and Scottish Roots, a resource for geneologists.

Scottish Tartans - Scotland clans heritage from Scotland Online
http://www.tartans.scotland.net/

"Scotland on Line have teamed up with the Scottish Tartans World Register to bring you the complete Register of all Publicly Known Tartans online, which includes details and images of over 2800 tartans. You'll also find a wealth of information here on Scotland's national cloth no matter what your tartan."

Sources for Building History: A Guide to Researching Historic Buildings in the British Isles
http://www.building-history.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/

"This extensive web site provides a comprehensive introduction to useful information sources for researching architectural history in the British Isles. It covers small-scale and grand houses; castles; business buildings; public buildings; and buildings of charitable purpose. A large section considers how to research ecclesiastical buildings. There is advice on visiting national and local archives, and details of key reference tools. The web site's author is a consultant on the history of buildings and sites in the UK."

Soviet History Internet Archive
http://www.marxists.org/history/ussr/

A valuable collection of primary source documents concerning the early history of the USSR. Also includes pictures, maps, and links to related sites.

Spanish American War Centennial Website
http://www.spanamwar.com/

This site offers a comprehensive history to the Spanish American War. It provides information on both the US and Spanish navy, weapon profiles, military personnel profiles, and the war in Cuba, Phillipines, and Puerto Rico. It also offers music of the period, re-enactment groups, exhibits and events, as well as providing information on war sites to visit as well as the pathwayother links related to the Spanish American War.

The Falling Leaf
http://www.psywarsoc.org/FallingLeaf/

The Falling Leaf is an invaluable source of news, articles, and information about the history of psychological warfare and aerial leaflet propaganda.

The Thirty Years War
http://www.pipeline.com/~cwa/TYWHome.htm

This informative website "provides summaries, in varying degrees of detail, of the military and diplomatic developments of the Thirty Years War." In addition, the site includes an extensive annotated bibliography and political maps of Europe during the time of the Thirty Years War.

U.S. Military Operations
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/index.html

Military information and analysis, news articles, weapon systems, links to other relevant sites, and historical background on U.S. military operations historical and current. Full text field and training manuals for U.S. armed forces.

Ukrainian History
http://www.infoukes.com/history/

Collection of Web pages containing articles, essays, and other information dealing with various aspects of Ukrainian history.

The Victorian Web
http://www.victorianweb.org/

An exploration of Victorian England. Sections include Victorianism, religion, philosophy, literature, and science. A text only version is also available.

Virtual Finland
http://finland.fi/

Learn about the people, culture and history of the country of Finland. Brought to you by Finland’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs.