European History

Sub-headings:

Prehistoric Europe

Europe before civilization or writing; also, the preliterate civilizations of Northern Europe prior to their colonization by the Romans or their successors.

Antiquity

History of the Near East and the Mediterranean world, including Egypt, prior to the concept of Europe as distinct from Africa and Asia (which arose in the fourth or fifth century AD).

Middle Ages (Medieval)

Renaissance

World War I

World War II

Resources in this category:

Airs, Anthems, Ballads, Canons, Ditties, Folksongs, Hymns and War Songs
http://www.musicanet.org/robokopp/

A database of folksongs of the world including the areas of Germany, England, France, Ireland, Austria, Scotland, and Wales. Both the lyrics and sound files (MIDI format) are available for many songs.

Alexander Palace Time Machine
http://www.alexanderpalace.org/palace/

Originally a virtual tour of the home of the last Tsar and his family, the site has evolved into a general resource for information on the last years of Imperial Russia. "Here you can browse from a wide range of options - from rare online books, to palaces, recipes, antique cars and travelogues."

Architecture of Ireland
http://www.irish-architecture.com/

This site includes news, events, articles, and postcards relating to Irish architecture. It also features sections on "Buildings of Ireland" and "Architects of Ireland."

The Armenian Genocide
http://www.theforgotten.org/

From 1915-1921, an estimated 1.5 million Armenians were killed by the Ottoman Turkish Empire. Using photographs, a timeline, and video interviews with survivors, this exhibit examines the first genocide of the 20th century.

Armenian National Institute
http://www.armenian-genocide.org/

"The Armenian National Institute (ANI) is a non-profit organization based in Washington, D.C., dedicated to the study, research, and affirmation of the Armenian Genocide. Its overarching goal is affirmation of the worldwide recognition of the Armenian Genocide." This site contains a wealth of resources related to the genocide of Armenians by the Turkish Empire, beginning in 1915. Included are government documents affirming the genocide, press coverage of the genocide, maps, a chronology, an FAQ, and collections of photographs. Educational resources for teaching about genocide are also included.

Armenica
http://www.armenica.org/

Comprehensive site detailing the history of Armenia, its military and goverment. Includes a historical chronology, maps, and posings of current events.

Aspects of the Victorian Book
http://www.bl.uk/collections/early/victorian/intro.html

This site explains how the mechanization of the industrial revolution and increased literacy changed publishing during 19th-century England. This site discusses penny dreadfuls, yellow backs, children's books, magazines, and novels.

Behind the Mask: The IRA and Sinn Fein
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/ira/

This is the companion website to the PBS Frontline documentary of the same name, offering an account of the history of the Irish Republican Army and its struggle against British rule in Northern Ireland. It includes interviews with people from both sides of the conflict, a chronology of the IRA, and readings and special reports about the Northern Irish "Troubles".

The British Empire
http://www.britishempire.co.uk/

Site devoted to the history of the British Empire. Categories to browse include timelines, art and culture, armed forces and bibliographies. Also offers a resources section that includes a glossary of terms and links to related information.

The British Monarchy
http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page1.asp

Official site for the British Royal Family. Searchable site includes information on the history of the monarchy and members of the current family as well as a gallery of the Royal Collection, castle factsheets, and information about accession, coronation and succession.

The Carpathian Connection
http://www.tccweb.org/

"Premier independent genealogy and historial reference site for those researching ancestors from the Carpathian Mountain regions of Eastern Europe. A fantastic resource for students to gain information on the various heritages and cultures who inhabited these territories." Contains information on Eastern European villages, customs and folklore, immigration, settlements and neighborhoods in the US, along with research resources and a surnames listing.

Chris De Witt's Berlin Wall Web Page
http://www.appropriatesoftware.com/BerlinWall/welcome.html

Chris De Witt's Berlin Wall Web Pages are a great resource to students of history who want to learn more about Berlin's divided past. This web site guides visitors on a virtual tour of Berlin's past and present with loads of photos and essays about the city. The site provides its visitors a more intimate look into a city with a significant role in world history.

Crimean Tatar Home Page
http://www.euronet.nl/users/sota/krimtatar.html

"This Web site includes documents, articles, news items, essays, poems, and interviews that cover Crimean Tatar history and culture, their experiences during deportation and exile, and the national movement which initiated the return to Crimea."

Croatia, an Overview of its History, Culture, and Science
http://www.hr/darko/etf/etfss.html

This site gives an overview of Croatian history and culture, including information on Croatian language and dialects, and also a section on Croatian scientists and scientific history. The historical and cultural overview section includes photographs of relics and artifacts from Croatian history.

Early Modern English Source
http://www.quelle.org/emes/

"These pages are designed to assist historians (and others who have an interest in history) in locating information, principally from the Internet, for the history of early modern England and Britain. Among these pages you will find information regarding recent publications, resources for research, reviews and abstracts. Additionally, this site provides announcements concerning conferences, seminars, and calls for papers."

18th Century Costume Resources Online
http://www.costumes.org/history/100pages/18thlinks.htm

Internal and external links about the history of costume in 18th century Europe. Information on styles, hair and wigs, shoes, fabrics and many more. Profusely illustated.

The Emancipation of Women: 1750-1920
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/resource.htm

This page gives a detailed history of the English Suffragette movement, with biographies, information on women in the 19th century, pressure groups, strategy and tactics, and parliamentary reform acts.

EU History: History of European Integration Site
http://www.eu-history.leidenuniv.nl/

Annotated guide to Web resources relating to the history of European integration. Organized by type of resource.

ExLibris
http://www.exlibris.org/

"Surveys bibliographical materials concerning English dissenters who were active prior to the English civil war and during the Interregnum. ExLibris provides researchers with a variety of textual and bibliographical information both through these pages and by links to other Web sites."

Face of Russia
http://www.pbs.org/weta/faceofrussia/

"Who are the Russian people? How have they expressed their character and inner conflicts in their art and culture? And, as Russia¹s long-awaited democracy develops, how will the Russian people redefine themselves culturally, spiritually, and politically?" Explore these questions and more through the site's timeline of Russian history and reference section, which includes a bibliography and a history of the Cyrillic alphabet.

Flamenco-world.com: The Flamenco Web
http://flamenco-world.com/

A collection of resources pertaining to Spanish flamenco music. This site features an online magazine with interviews, community news, reviews of CD releases, and sample audio files. You will also find an encyclopedia of flamenco artists, a dictionary of terms, and and a "cyberpeña" , or cyber club, for flamenco enthusiasts. Available in both English and Spanish.

French Music Database
http://www.aplmusique.com/db/

A collection of resources related to French popular music. Here you’ll find information about artists including Zazie, Pascal Obispo, Ophélie Winter, Céline Dion, Genette Reno, Bruno Pelletier, Marie Carmen, Mario Pelchat, and Roch Voisine.

GENUKI
http://www.genuki.org.uk/

Links to genealogical information and resources for Ireland and the entire United Kingdom (England, Scotland, Wales, the Channel Islands, and the Isle of Man). Information on accessing public records (divided by county). Help on getting started with genealogical research.

Great Britain Historical Database Online, 1841-1939
http://hds.essex.ac.uk/gbh.asp

"The Great Britain Historical Database is a large database of British nineteenth and twentieth-century statistics. It contains: Statistics from the 1861 Census and the Registrar General's reports, 1851-1861; Employment statistics from the census, 1841-1931; Demographic statistics from the census, 1841-1931; Mortality statistics from the Registrar General's reports, 1861-1920; Marriage statistics from the Registrar General's reports, 1841-1870; Trade union statistics for the Amalgamated Society of Engineers (ASE), 1851-1918; Official poor law statistics, 1859-1915 and 1919-1939; Small debt statistics from county courts, 1847-1913." Registration is required.

The Hellenic Genocide
http://www.greece.org/genocide/quotes

"The work contains quotes from historical documents written during the time of the Hellenic Genocide (1894-1955) and related photos. It's focused on the Hellenes but it also mentions the Armenians and Assyrians. The quotes are from documents that are online in their entirety. This way, the reader can easily extend their research. Most photos are shown with a related quote to place it in its historical context."

Herodotus Project
http://losttrails.com/pages/Hproject.html

The focus of this educational website is to document and translate the works of Greek historian Herodotus. In addition to the text of his works, you can also find extensive photography of the locations and artifacts mentioned in the book. In keeping with the interests of Herodotus in ethnography and history, there are also field recordings and examples of authentic traditional folk music from Greece and Romania. Music from Turkey and Bulgaria will be added soon.

History of Russia
http://members.aol.com/TeacherNet/Russia.html#Tsars

A collection of information and links related to Russian history and culture from antiquity to the present.

History of Scotland
http://www.electricscotland.com/history/

This site provides historical information on Scottish social and military history. It is part of Electric Scotland, which provides historical information and "details on present day business, culture and tourism" in Scotland.

In Search of Scotland
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/

Web site based on "a ten-part BBC television series that questions the nature of Scottish national identity through an expansive and detailed historical investigation of the country¹s history...The 'In Search of Scotland' website offers a full range of historical resources to complement and enhance your enjoyment of the programme, including information on most of the historical locations visited during the series."

Irish Genealogical Society-International
http://www.rootsweb.com/~irish/

"A non-profit organization dedicated to the study and advancement of genealogy in Ireland, North and South, and around the world." Website includes items of interest to Irish genealogists, including church records, census substitutes, cemetary lists, and Irish surname info.

Irish History on the Web
http://larkspirit.com/history/

Features historical materials dealing with Ireland and Northern Ireland, including original articles, bibliographies, timelines, historical documents, geneaological links, information on politics, and links to various related sites.

Kavals and Dzamares: End-blown Flutes of Greece and Macedonia
http://www.research.umbc.edu/eol/4/tammer/index.html

A history of the end-blown flutes of Greece and Macedonia. The making of kavals is depicted in a series of photos and instrument design and tunings are discussed in an appendix.

Land Forces of Britain, the Empire and Commonwealth
http://regiments.org/

This site strives for comprehensiveness, bringing together all Internet resources pertaining to land forces that were at any time part of the British Empire or Commonwealth... There are several thousand links on these pages. The focus is generally on manifestations of the British regimental system throughout the world." Links are divided into several sections: Regiments, Countries, International, Reviews, and Advertisers." Also includes links to some military history resources outside of the British Commonwealth.

Latvian Folklore and Traditional Culture
http://folklora.lv/en.shtml

"Various materials about Latvian folklore and traditional culture, for example, Latvian folklore groups catalogue which contains descriptions, photos and sound recordings of almost all Latvian folk groups." The site also presents "Information about Latvian traditional musical instruments and Information on folklore activities."

Livius: Articles On Ancient History
http://www.livius.org/

A collection of articles on classical and other ancient history. Also includes photographs and articles on recent Dutch history.

Meeting of Frontiers
http://frontiers.loc.gov/intldl/mtfhtml/mfsplash.html

"Meeting of Frontiers is a bilingual, multimedia English-Russian digital library that tells the story of the American exploration and settlement of the West, the parallel exploration and settlement of Siberia and the Russian Far East, and the meeting of the Russian-American frontier in Alaska and the Pacific Northwest." Maps, photographs, and original manuscripts are provided.

The National Archives of Ireland
http://www.nationalarchives.ie/index.html

This site includes research guides about family history, the Great Famine, Transportation to Australia, and others; it also includes searchable databases of indices of government papers (the documents themselves can only be viewed on-site). A small section of the site is in Irish.

The National Archives Virtual Museum
http://www.pro.gov.uk/virtualmuseum/

The Virtual Museum of the PRO (The Public Record Office is the national archive of England, Wales and the United Kingdom) "provides a showcase for some of the treasures at the PRO’s new Education and Visitor Centre (opens in a new window) at Kew, including a host of landmark documents from the past 1000 years of British history. Many of these items have never before been on display. Visitors can explore everything from Famous Names to Crime & Punishment, and from War & Defence to Kings & Queens. They can find out surprising facts about famous people - including William Shakespeare, Robin Hood and Sir Elton John - as well as the extraordinary feats of ordinary people."

The Official Guide to Russia
http://www.geographia.com/russia/

Historical and regional information about Russia for English speakers who want to travel through Russia.

Outlaws and Highwaymen: The History of the Highwaymen and Their Predecessors, the Medieval Outlaws
http://www.outlawsandhighwaymen.com/

The texts assembled on this site illustrate the history of the English highwaymen. Many are not easily available elsewhere. They include: street ballads; songs; extracts from pamphlet ‘lives’; ‘merry tales’; underworld exposés; satires; letters." Browse for materials by genre, chronologically, or by author; or explore contextually via a historical outline.

The Patrin Web Journal
http://www.geocities.com/Paris/5121/patrin.htm

"Welcome to the Patrin, dedicated to Romani (Gypsy) culture and history and to extending awareness of the continuous Roma struggle to achieve and maintain dignity and freedom. The Patrin is a learning resource and information center about Romani culture, social issues, and current events." This web site has contact information, links to other resources, a history of the Romani people, scholarships, awards, youth groups, organizations, and information on culture and arts.

PBS: Red Files
http://www.pbs.org/redfiles/

This website correlates with PBS's RED FILES broadcast which includes stills of the original television programs, including "Secret Victories of the KGB," "Soviet Sports Wars," "Secret Soviet Moon Mission," and the "Soviet Propaganda Machine." Also includes updates on events, Russian Archives Online, and even an "Investigative Assets" section targeted for educators and students.

Powys: A Day in the Life
http://a-day-in-the-life.powys.org.uk/eng/eindex.html

This website organizes a digital history project in Powys, Wales, comparing life in Powys in 1891 to contemporary times. The Powys information and material was gathered from collections throughout the county. The contemporary information came from diaries kept on September 24, 2002. The site looks at such issues as communications, community and civic life, culture and entertainment, education, health care, home life, law and order, social conditions, transport and work. The project is funded jointly by New Opportunities Fund and Powys County Council.

Propaganda Postcards of the Great War
http://www.ww1-propaganda-cards.com/

A collection of propaganda postcards, with historical background, on all facets of World War One and from all the warring nations. Also includes so called "mocking cards" from all these countries.

Queen Victoria's Empire
http://www.pbs.org/empires/victoria/

"Online companion to the PBS television series. Includes educational resources and an online game exploring the British empire under Victoria. "

Real Regency Clothing
http://locutus.ucr.edu/~cathy/reg3.html

This website includes many images of fashion plates of the Regency period during the early 19th century. There is information on appropriate dress for the time of day and the occasion. Also, the site includes details on fashion accessories and shoes. This is a good resource for costume history during Jane Austen's time.

Revelations from the Russian Archives
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/intro.html

An online exhibit of actual documents from the archives of the former Soviet Union, including translations and accompanying text. Offers sections on Soviet internal affairs and US-USSR relations.

Russian History
http://www.bucknell.edu/Academics/Colleges_Departments/Acade...

This is a very nice comprehensive and well-annotated guide to Internet resources relating to Russian history. Includes a good Chronolgy of Russian History from 860 A.D. to the present, which includes links to Internet Resources relating to the events where available.

Russian History Websites
http://www.alexanderpalace.org/

A collection of 16 web exhibits on pre-Revolution Russian history. A romantic view of the lives of the Romanov family and court, palaces, Russian cities, and religious life. Essays, first-person accounts, and extensive graphics.

The Russian Revolution
http://www.barnsdle.demon.co.uk/russ/rusrev.html

Browsable list of links to a large number of online texts and articles, primary documents, maps, and images dealing with the Russian Revolution.

The Scots at War
http://www.fettes.com/scotsatwar/

"This is a Scottish Military History Web Project, concentrating on the 20th Century. These pages are respectfully dedicated as a tribute to the endeavours of all Scots who served their country in the armed and civilian services in the 20th century...The aims of the Project are: to advance research, to collate information and data sources and to educate the public of all ages on the history of Scots at war."

Scottish History
http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/history/

The BBC's website on Scottish history includes Scotland on Film, a collection of clips from film, television and radio, In Search of Scotland, articles about important people and historical moments in Scottish history, and Scottish Roots, a resource for geneologists.

Scottish Tartans - Scotland clans heritage from Scotland Online
http://www.tartans.scotland.net/

"Scotland on Line have teamed up with the Scottish Tartans World Register to bring you the complete Register of all Publicly Known Tartans online, which includes details and images of over 2800 tartans. You'll also find a wealth of information here on Scotland's national cloth no matter what your tartan."

A Selection of Documents and Events from the History of Finland
http://www.histdoc.net/history/history.html

"A documentary history of Finland from 1249 to the WWII. Includes French scientists in Lapland 1736, Alexander I of Russia, 'Finis Finlandiae', Nicholas II and his abdication, The Winter War 1939-40, Molotov comdemning England and France, etc."

Sources for Building History: A Guide to Researching Historic Buildings in the British Isles
http://www.building-history.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/

"This extensive web site provides a comprehensive introduction to useful information sources for researching architectural history in the British Isles. It covers small-scale and grand houses; castles; business buildings; public buildings; and buildings of charitable purpose. A large section considers how to research ecclesiastical buildings. There is advice on visiting national and local archives, and details of key reference tools. The web site's author is a consultant on the history of buildings and sites in the UK."

Soviet History Internet Archive
http://www.marxists.org/history/ussr/

A valuable collection of primary source documents concerning the early history of the USSR. Also includes pictures, maps, and links to related sites.

Spanish American War Centennial Website
http://www.spanamwar.com/

This site offers a comprehensive history to the Spanish American War. It provides information on both the US and Spanish navy, weapon profiles, military personnel profiles, and the war in Cuba, Phillipines, and Puerto Rico. It also offers music of the period, re-enactment groups, exhibits and events, as well as providing information on war sites to visit as well as the pathwayother links related to the Spanish American War.

The Falling Leaf
http://www.psywarsoc.org/FallingLeaf

The Falling Leaf is an invaluable source of news, articles, and information about the history of psychological warfare and aerial leaflet propaganda.

The Thirty Years War
http://www.pipeline.com/~cwa/TYWHome.htm

This informative website "provides summaries, in varying degrees of detail, of the military and diplomatic developments of the Thirty Years War." In addition, the site includes an extensive annotated bibliography and political maps of Europe during the time of the Thirty Years War.

Ukrainian History
http://www.infoukes.com/history/

Collection of Web pages containing articles, essays, and other information dealing with various aspects of Ukrainian history.

US Military Operations
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/index.html

Includes military information and analysis, news articles, links to other relevant sites, and historical background on all US military operations up to and including the present.

The Victorian Web
http://www.victorianweb.org/

An exploration of Victorian England. Sections include Victorianism, religion, philosophy, literature, and science. A text only version is also available.

Virtual Finland
http://virtual.finland.fi/

"Should you have any questions about Finland - any at all - the answer probably lies here, where you can get all sorts of information in several languages."