Tn 4351 was originally isolated from bacteroides fragilis [30] . The transposon was successfully introduced into Cytophaga succinicans, Flavobacterium meningosepticum, Flexibacter canadiansis, Flexibacter strain SFI and Sporocytophaga myxococcoides by conjugation [25]. Tn 4351carries two antibiotic resistance gene. One of the codes for resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin which is expressed in bactroides but not in E.Coli. The other gene codes for resistance in tetracycline and is expressed in aerobically grpwn E. coli, but not in anaerobically grpwn E. coli or in bacteroides.
The Gastrocnemius Muscle of Rana pipiens is an Appropriate Model for Skeletal Muscle Contractile Kinetics When Compared to Peer-Reviewed Models Georgia Institute of Technology BMED 3110: Quantitative Engineering Physiology Laboratory I Section B: Team Baboons 16 November 2014 ABSTRACT The dynamics of skeletal muscle kinetics can be quantified using various experimental methods involving stimulated muscle contractions.
The lab started off by measuring critical materials for the lab: the mass of an an empty 100 mL beaker, mass of beaker and copper chloride together(52.30 g), and the mass of three iron nails(2.73 g). The goal of this experiment is to determine the number of moles of copper and iron that would be produced in the reaction of iron and copper(II) chloride, the ratio of moles of iron to moles of copper, and the percent yield of copper produced. 2.00 grams of copper(II) chloride was added in the beaker to mix with 15 mL of distilled water. Then, three dry nails are placed in the copper(II) chloride solution for approximately 25 minutes. The three nails have to be scraped clean by sandpaper to make the surface of the nail shiny; if the nails are not clean, then some unknown substances might accidentally mix into the reaction and cause variations of the result.
Genomic Recombination and Deletions in Acinetobactor baylyi ADP1 Shivani Patel Fall 2015 BIO 493 Introduction: Gene duplication and amplification is a process by which genetic diversity can be created and selected for. Through the understanding of gene duplication and amplification, scientists can garner insight on medical conditions associated with this phenomenon (Seaton et al. 2012). Not only can gene duplication and amplification increase genetic diversity, it can also increase the fitness of bacteria by allowing an increased production of essential nutrients or a gene to gain a new function (Dhar et al. 2014). However, gene amplification is not the only large genome change that can occur in organisms.
Title: Introduction: A-mountain lies in Southern Arizona, a region known as a desert. There are factors that contribute to the growth of certain plant life in certain areas. The north and south side of the mountain is expected to have contrasting difference due to the amount of sunlight each side receives. Exposure to sunlight affects the plants growth and overall life.
: A total of two different exercises were performed in the present experiment. A simulation of cells, using dialysis tubing, exposed to hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic environments, were setup in exercise one; and then observing the actual internal structure of wet mounts of plant cells, from Elodea, in isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic environments under microscopes in exercise two. The “cells” in the first experiment where tied ends of dialysis tubing, each containing 90% H2O / 10% NaCl solution. Their weight was measured. They were then exposed to three beakers of hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions for one hour.
These complex organisms consist of two organ systems, the root system and the shoot system. The shoot system is an above ground organelle system, this is where the leaves, stems, buds, flowers (depending on the plant) and fruits (depending on the plant) are found. Thus, therefore, meaning that the root system is the below ground system and includes the roots, rhizomes and tubers. There are three types of plant cells which are formed in the meristem (tissue in most plants that contain undifferentiated cells, the cells produced here help various organs of the plant and help with the growth of the plant.) The first plant tissue grouping is Dermal, the Dermal system looks after the covering of the plant, and can be broken down into many subsystems.
UCLEUS - Nucleus is the largest cell organelle, the nucleus is covered with a nuclear envelope, also one or more nucleoli can be found in the nucleus, inside the nucleus is the long molecules of DNA all these structure is connected with it performance. Nucleus being the largest cell organelle controls all the cells activities with the help of genetic material in the DNA. CELL MEMBRANE- The cell membrane surrounds the cytoplasm which is the watery part of the cell, is characterized as semi permeable in nature which contain variety of biological molecules, 3-10nm thick phospholipid bilayer with associated proteins and lipids all these function are link with the function the cell membrane protect the cell and give the cell rigidity.
Although both Kingdoms of Plantae and Animalia have cells, tissues and organs; there are many differences within their cell physiology, development, biology and growth. Separated by about 1.5 billion years of evolutionary history, they are two major multicellular groups of the Domain Eukaryota, which share features such as mitochondria and nuclei, but has evolved their multicellular organization independently by using the same initial tool kit—the set of genes inherited from their common unicellular eukaryotic ancestor (Alberts 2002). Plant cells are large and rectangular and have a fixed shape, whereas animal cells are much smaller and circular. Both plant and animal cells have flexible membranes, but because plant cells are additionally encased
Describe the structures and functions of the cell wall, cell membrane, and outer membrane. Cell Wall – ultimately provides a cell its structure, shape, and protection from osmotic forces Cell walls are mostly composed of peptidoglycan, which is made of chains of the alternating sugar molecules, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid. These chains of sugar molecules are attached to one another with the help of other chains composed of four amino acids called tetrapeptides. There are two types of cell walls: -Gram-Positive -Gram-Negative * Plants, most bacteria, fungi, most algae, and some archaea have cell walls Protozoans and animals do not have a cell wall.
The plant cell is different from the animal cell because it has a cell wall. A bigger vacuole to hold more water and store things. It has a lytic vacuole which is the same as lysosomes except named different. The plant cell has less specialization and makes its own food.
There are many different structures within the eukaryotic cell, and they have many specific functions. This enables the cell to perform efficiently. Eukaryotic cells include cells found in both plants and animals, and for that reason, there are variations on what the cell can include. I will be focusing mainly on animal cells, however there are structures that appear in both cells.
As I mentioned in my hypothesis, a plant cell has a thicker membrane which causes it to have a more defined shape than an animal cell. A plant cell has a cell wall to protect itself, whereas an animal cell does not and only has a cell membrane. A plant cell also has chloroplast which helps the plant make chlorophyll to produce sugar and energy (photosynthesis) and it also gives a plant its green colour. Animals do not need chloroplast as they are the consumers and they consume the energy they need, rather than produce it. Animal cells have many small vacuoles, and plant cells have one large vacuole that takes up most of the cell.
Even the shape of them both is different an animal cell is round, and a plant cell is a rectangular shape. Another thing they both don’t have in common is the chloroplast. The animal cell doesn’t have a chloroplast though a plant cell does. A plant cell definitely needs the chloroplast to make its own food, however a animal cell
The main alteration is the cell wall within the plant. It forms a rigid wall that cannot be pinched unlike animal
