Artificial Intelligence and its
Ethical Dilemmas
Critical Thinking
2014-2015
Instructor: Dr. Raj Ayyar
Authors:
Lohitaksh Parmar - 2014059 Nalin Gupta - 2014065 Sahar Siddiqui - 2014091 Tarun Verma - 2014168 Vatsal Singhal - 2014116
Table of Contents
S.No.
Title
Author
1.
Introduction
2.
Roboethics
Sahar Siddiqui
3.
Machine Ethics
Tarun Verma
4.
Arguments against AI
Vatsal Singhal
5.
Arguments for AI
Lohitaksh Parmar
6.
AI in Society
Nalin Gupta
7.
Conclusion
Introduction
Artificial Intelligence, as defined by Oxford Dictionary, is the theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence, such as visual perception,
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We can try to design robots and develop AI to behave in an ethically acceptable way in a society, but at the end of the day,its us humans who are implementing those ethics. Thus, Roboethics or in other words, Human ethics are based on the general ethics (a branch of philosophy) which involves studying the moral behaviour of humans and their ideologies of what is right and what is wrong.
The term ‘Roboethics’ was coined by an Italian Roboticist, Gianmarco Veruggio. Its official use began after the 'First International Symposium of Roboethics' was held in 2004 in which a number of philosophers, sociologists, moralists and roboticists gathered to discuss ethical issues concerning AI,assess them and form a collection of basic ethics.These were the first set of ethics that were needed to be applied to solve the issues that are generated with the advancements in the field of AI.
Main Ethical positions/stands on Roboethics
After the Symposium, a study by Daniela Cerqui, an anthropologist, revealed the three major ethical positions in the community of roboticists
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However, those who do believe in artificial superintelligence, have no general consensus on the timeframe of this happening.
On the left hand, artificial superintelligence may allow humanity to grow and expand at a pace never thought of before. While on the right hand, this makes us question the safety of humanity if machines are artificially superintelligent. Being all the more intellectual than humans, it’s ever so possible that AI beings may turn from ally to enemy, as sci-fi as that sounds.
Anyhow, the benefits of the left would definitely outweigh the disadvantages of the right hand.
In fact, an artificially superintelligent being [refer: Superintelligence] would be more moral and ethical than even humans as it would have no concept of racism, sexism, religion, etc, nor would it have any cognitive biases or fallacies. It would be able to take the more morally apt decisions for humans and it self than humans would be able to, themselves. It would stand a much stronger ethical
As society continues to develop and makes new plans, technology in today’s world is starting to raise some questions. Patrick Lin, is a philosopher and director of the ethics emerging group at the state University in California. With the help of the university Patrick Lin wrote an essay called The Big Question: in his essay, he talks about the technologies and ideas in which many people seem to overlook today. In hopes of raising awareness about the upcoming industrial revolution of robotics. the changing of the world around us is already underway.
“How do you tell what are real things from what aren’t real things?” (Aldiss 446) Since antiquity the human mind has been intrigued by artificial intelligence hence, rapid growth of computer science has raised many issues concerning the isolation of the human mind. The novella “Super-toys Last All Summer Long” is written by Brian Aldiss in 1969. Aldiss’ tale depicts the paradoxical loneliness of living in an overpopulated world.
In his essay “Minds, Brains, and Programs”, John R. Searle argues that a computer is incapable of thinking, and that it can only be used as a tool to aid human beings or can simulate human thinking, which he refers to as the theory of weak AI (artificial intelligence). He opposes the theory of strong AI, which states that the computer is a mind and can function similarly to a human brain – that it can reason, understand, and be in different cognitive states. Searle does not believe a computer can think because human beings have programmed all the functions it is able to perform, and that computers can only compute (transform) the information it is given (351ab¶1). Searle clarifies the meaning of understanding as he uses it by saying that an
Based upon the analysis, Parnas’ article is geared more towards people involved in the field of Artificial Intelligence where Eldridge’s article is geared towards people who are not necessarily knowledgeable about Artificial Intelligence yet are interested to learn more about the topic. Throughout the article, Parnas maintains the skeptical attitude towards Artificial Intelligence, literally ending with “Devices that use heuristics to create the illusion of Intelligence present a risk we should not accept” (Parnas, 6). Eldridge on the other hand, maintains a positive attitude throughout the article despite the shortcomings of AI. Together, both authors provide compelling arguments for and against Artificial
The author's purpose in writing “Robot Invasion” was to represent the effectiveness and relevance of robots in today’s society. The author is able to persuade the reader that robots are beneficial to society by stating statements such as “the robots will be able to unleash a productive boom”. This statement from the author really exemplifies the positive impact that robots have on our everyday lives by making our everyday tasks easier and having robots be the productive
Chris McCandless, whose story is analyzed in Into the Wild, by Jon Krakauer, is a young adult who decides to leave his known habits and material belongings behind and live a completely self-sufficient life in the wilderness, a choice which ultimately leads to his death. In doing that, he also forfeits his family and friends. With that in mind, a question can be posed regarding the ethics of said behavior. As a childless, single and financially independent man, Chris McCandless has absolute ownership of his body and thus his decision to continue doing a sport that he knows can kill him is ethically defensible.
Hector Garcia Professor Sullivan English 102 2 November 2015 Artificial Intelligence: Annotated Bibliography Wallace, Brian. " The Economic Impact of Artificial Intelligence [INFOGRAPHIC]. " Social Media Today. Social Media Today, 21 May 2013.
In the New York Times Magazine, "Death by Robot," Robin Henig addresses about how robots contributed remarkably to society and became a part of human 's life, but when it came to choosing between two contradictory choices of life and death, even with superior data and calculations, a robot would not be able to replace a human 's
Isaac Asimov’s Reason, shows us how the field of robotics is still a working-progress, Philip K. Dick’s Second Variety introduces the idea of superior, conscious machines who were created by advanced technology, and Kenneth Chang’s “Can Robots Become Conscious?” shares different views on the advancement of machines and robots. I believe machines and robots are not glorified adding-up machines and I think it is possible that they will become capable of original thought the more we advance in the field of robotics. Similar to the iPhone updates, new technology and new studies could lead to intelligent, conscious machines. Technology has come a long way, with the introduction of the Siri of the iPhone, Window 10 2-in-1 computers, flying military drones, and many more.
Artificial Intelligence and its effect on the workforce Artificial intelligence(AI) is a recent reality of technological advancement affecting human society. To analyze its effect on the workforce we will look back in history for technological disruptions and how they affected the workforce and compare and contrast to the way AI is currently impacting and will continue impacting the human workforce and other aspects of human society such as economics, politics and the general environment. History Throughout history technological advancement has affected human society in its ways of living, working and its environment.
Defining intelligence is a very difficult proposition and one which Alan Turing attempted to avoid answering as regards machine intelligence in the Imitation Game which has become known as the Turing Test (Turing, 1950). He posed the question “Can machines think?” which is he developed to ask if machines are able to converse in a way that can persuade humans they too are human. A machine is declared to have passed the test if human judges are unable to tell the difference between a human and a computer through a typed conversation. He suggested that a machine that persuades 70 per cent of human judges after five minutes of conversation should be deemed to have passed the test.
Artificial Intelligence is the field within computer science to explain some aspects of the human thinking. It includes aspects of intelligence to interact with the environment through sensory means and the ability to make decisions in unforeseen circumstances without human intervention. The beginnings of modern AI can be traced to classical philosophers' attempts to describe human thinking as a symbolic system. MIT cognitive scientist Marvin Minsky and others who attended the conference
In today’s world, many people tend to have a set of ethical principles which is one of the guidelines for them to follow on. The question is how he or she defines ethics? To answer, Ethics is best defined as knowing what is right or wrong in the action based on the moral principles. Moreover, it is also known as the branch of knowledge that deals with ethical issues. In relation, there are some ethical theories which deal with the ethical issues.
New technologies that people had never imagined a decade, or even some decades ago, are now expanding and changing all our lives. Taking smartphones as an example, people in old time had never imagined that small, tiny box could enable people to bring smart computer to everywhere. Yet, smartphones are now completely embedded into our lives and changed how we communicate. Technology lets us live simply, more conveniently, and more easily, but at the same time, it creates complex debates and controversies of ethical problems. In this world, where humans cannot live without the benefits of technology, it is impossible to ignore ethical problems.
The attraction of artificial intelligence for me lies in its breadth of applicability, both as a method of problem solving in itself and in a symbiotic integration with other areas of computer science. A broad spectrum of applications exist within the artificial intelligence field, ranging from intelligent non-player controlled characters in computer game software to a ubiquitous computing solution that intelligently reacts to a variety of users. This diversity is one of the main reasons that I feel compelled to pursue artificial intelligence further. While I have striven to develop my understanding of artificial intelligence during my undergraduate education, the choreographed requirements of a bachelor's degree have restricted my research to only a minute sample of artificial intelligence’s applications. During my exposure to the field, I have often been unsatisfied with the level of interaction artificial intelligence displays in response to prompts of varying complexity.