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Citrate Synthesis Lab Report

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Energy, from the most microscopic of organisms to the great whales of the sea all share one thing in common they need energy to live. In the mitochondria of all eukaryotic organisms the Citric Acid cycle or Krebs Cycle as it is also commonly known is an eight step intercut process embedded in the energy yielding cellular respiration sequence. Early on in the first research done on the Citric Acid Cycle biologists could not understand how the pyruvate that was made from glycolysis was eventually used by the Citric Acid Cycle. It wasn’t until Hans Krebs suggested in 1953 that the reactions were indeed more of a cyclical cycle and that the one reaction’s product was directly used as another’s reactant. For these finding Krebs won the Nobel Prize …show more content…

In this reaction no ATP is needed nor is any produced. What happens next is the formation of a Citrate molecule. Citrate Synthase is achieved by the loss of the CoA group form the Acetyl. In the second event Aconitase, the Citrate molecule in conjunction with the enzyme Aconitase forms Isocitrate (Frantz, 2008 pg.10). This enzyme with its oxidation sensitive iron sulfate cluster works to pull off a proton that is used to form an electrochemical gradient for later use in cellular respiration. The enzyme also plays a regulatory role for the system speeding up or slowing down the process based on the individual cells specific needs at the time. From there the next part of the cycle is Isocitrate Dehydrogenase. This step is where the first bit of carbon dioxide is formed as well as the first step where the electron carrier NADH is reduced. For this to occur several side reactions are needed for the end product of α- Ketoglutarate which is then used for the cycle to continue. In the fourth step α- Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase the molecule undergoes several changes. The first is that a sulfur hydride molecule is a bonded to the molecule along with a CoA group. Then hydrogen is used to reduce yet another NAD+ molecule to NADH. During this multiple enzymes are used that are able to bond the incoming molecules and ions to the already existing α- Ketoglutarate. The addition of the sulfur and

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