Supervised by
We certify that this thesis was prepared under our supervision at the College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University as a partial requirement for degree of Philosophy of Doctorate in medical microbiology.
In view of the available recommendation, forward this thesis for debate by the examining committee.
Crohn’s disease results from a complex interaction between susceptibility genes, immune system and microbes that can trigger disease pathology. This study aims to determine the significance of ATG16L1 T300A genetic variant on host immunological status, clinical phenotype and presentation as well as the risk of microbial (Norovirus and/or
) acquisition
…show more content…
Although, most of these are safely killed by lysosomal degradation enzymes, many intracellular pathogens have evolved the ability to escape killing mechanism, allowing them to either proliferate inside the vesicular compartment or to escape into the cytosol. In an attempt to prevent infection, cells deploy macroautophagy and LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP; discussed in detail later) to capture bacteria, followed by delivery into lysosomes for destruction. In contrast to LAP, which modifies the limiting membrane of pathogen-containing vesicles, macroautophagy engulfs pathogens with additional autophagosome- derived membranes. The principal targets of antibacterial autophagy are bacteria-containing vesicles, bacteria associated with remnants of damaged vesicles, and bacteria that have already escaped into the cytosol. Once caught safely inside an autophagosome, the autophagosomal double membrane restricts pathogen dispersal and provides an additional barrier against potential attempts of pathogens to manipulate cellular processes. The autophagosomal membranes separate pathogens from cytosolic resources and promote their lysosomal delivery.
Studies provides evidences as to how xenophagy accomplished, by utilizing adaptor protein molecules that act as bridges between ubiquitin- tagged cargoes and the autophagic machinery. In addition, these adaptor molecules may also serve as scaffolds for assembling not only the autophagic machinery to integrate the innate immune response.
The linkage between autophagy and bacterial invasion became evident in GFP–LC3-expressing mammalian cells, when GFP–LC3 signals surrounded invading intracellular bacterial infections
Researchers have also been trying to figure out how these microorganisms survive in the human body. To fight harmful bacteria, the immune system creates T cells. The body also creates regulatory T cells, which prevent the T cells from attack the body’s own cells. A bacteria called Bacteroides Fragilis helps to boost the production of regulatory T cells. In the 1990s, scientists found that one of the sugar molecules on the surface of B. Fragilis, called polysaccharide A, signals the immune system to create regulatory T cells.
PHAR 100 Assignment 3 1. Antibiotics are a form of medicine that seek out and destroy the bacteria that make us feel sick. Antibiotics work great against bacteria, however they don’t work against viruses. Penicillin was the first antibiotic to be discovered by Alexander Fleming, and it was first used to treat infections. Essentially, these powerful medicines fight bacterial infections, and have the potential to save lives.
Crohn 's is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease that belongs to a larger group of illnesses called inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It is associated with inflammation of the digestive tract, or gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which runs from the mouth to the anus, and includes the stomach and intestines. It more commonly affects the end of the small intestine and the large intestine. Crohn 's disease symptoms and complications are unpredictable , you may experience almost no symptoms, then have a sudden flare-up. Or you could experience symptoms every day Crohn 's disease is difficult to diagnose, because symptoms vary and because it can be similar to other conditions.
The lipid A has phosphoethanolamine added to it, which in turn, inhibits the bacteria from any attachment. Q3E: What is the origin of the mcr-1 gene, and what evidence do the authors use to support this
There were times when Crohn’s had overpowered by life. By that, I mean Crohn’s was first and I was controlled by it, not it by me. I
Crohn and his two co-workers, Oppenheimer and Ginzburg, presented a paper on “Terminal Ileitis”, and it was described in the features of Crohn’s disease to the JAMA. It was published later that year as a landmark article in the Journal of the American Medical Association aka “JAMA” and with the title “Regional Ileitis: A Pathologic and Chronic Entity.” The JAMA article was published at a time
I think it would be a good idea to explain what crohns just in case you don’t know. Crohns is a disease that involves poop, yes poop. When I first got diagnosed I was having a problem with talking about this because it was pooped based. So, my doctor made me say poop one hundred
The yeast menace is known by several different terms, candidosis, yeast infection,monilia and thrush. Symptoms of yeast infections are vast, however there are some that are more obvious, these include chronic tiredness, cystitis and thrush that continues to come back even after you have treated it. Some other symptoms which are not as obvious include, anxiety,mood swings, fluid retention ,allergies,depression,inability to loose weight,constipation, diahorrea, PMS, acne and dermatitis as well as hypoglycaemia. With a list as exhaustive as this, it's easy to see why it's deemed one of the most debilitating immune deficiencies and nutritional disorders of our time, As with any infection, one or many of the symptoms may exist, however, advanced
It eventually eats away at my intestine until it deteriorates. Sadly, when I first noticed I had Crohn's, it was too late for a portion of my intestine. When I entered the hospital I thought i just had severe stomach cramps, when I left I had about a foot less intestine. From that moment on, my future was all I could think of. I was honestly terrified for what was to come as an adult.
Include information about the disease and its symptoms Pertussis, otherwise known as the whooping cough or the 100-day cough, is a highly contagious bacterial disease in which the patient suffers from severe coughing fits, after which a high pitched “whoop” sound or gasp may occur as a patient breathes. These coughing fits can become so extreme that they can cause the patient to vomit, break ribs, and experience extreme fatigue from the effort of coughing. People suffering from Pertussis may also lose weight and lose control of their bladder. Pertussis in babies under the age of one is extremely dangerous and can be deadly, the baby has little to no cough but instead will have apnea, in which the baby goes through periods of time where they
When I was first diagnosed with ulcerative colitis, a common colon disease, I had no idea what it was. It wasn’t until several tests and explanations from multiple doctors that my parents and I started to understand the extent of the problem. Although it didn’t seem like it would be a big deal, it quickly took over my entire life. Dealing with the condition meant chronic pain, medication, and many more doctors’ visits. Fortunately, my case wasn’t too severe.
Depending on where the inflammation occurs within the large intestine UC is classified by how far the disease extends up the colon. Research has shown that genes, the environment, and an overactive immune response could play a role in causing UC unfortunately, the exact cause of the disease is not known. “Research sponsored by CCFA has led many scientists to believe that ulcerative colitis may be the result of an interaction of a virus or bacterial infection of the colon and your body’s natural immune system response”(Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation of America, 2015). Although research has not be able to pinpoint the exact cause of Ulcerative Colitis it can actually occur in people of any age. Nonetheless, research has shown that it hoes have a higher occurrence rate in people between the ages of 15 and 30, who have family members with Inflammatory Bowel Disease, and who are of Jewish
The Digestive System The digestive system is a system consisting of the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine, the rectum and the anus. The functions of the digestive system are: • To break down food particles into molecules for digestion • To absorb into the bloodstream the small molecules produced by digestion • To eliminate un digested and unabsorbed foodstuffs and other waste products from the body The full digestive process begins at the mouth. The food enters the mouth and is chewed.
Our gastrointestinal tracts work hard to keep us healthy and happy. When gut health is compromised, we can face major health consequences. Here’s how to use good nutrition to keep your digestion humming along. “Heal the gut and you heal yourself.” – Gerard E. Mullin, MD
S. aureus is a non-motile facultative anaerobic bacteria. This bacteria can survive long periods in the environment; so it is readily transmissible. S. aureus causes a number of medical infections and is the leading cause of wound infections. It is an opportunistic bacteria, and infects any population. It favors the skin, since it is part of the normal flora.