Using a Rotational Spectrum to Determine Equilibrium Bond Length and Related Rovibrational Constants Michelle Plavnik Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States PAGE 2 ABSTRACT: Global warming's effects and the amounts of greenhouse gases needs to be reduced, and by identifying the properties and identities of the molecules causing the effect, the gases can be eliminated. Rovibrational spectroscopy is an identification technique. The purpose of this lab is to examine how plausible the approach of determining rovibrational constants and related values from spectra is. This goal was investigated by taking the rovibrational spectra of HCl. From this spectrum, plots were made and analyzed, and from that analysis …show more content…
Temperatures have been steadily increasing causing environmental changes in ecosystems and rising sea levels. Global warming is caused by the greenhouse effect, which is the scenario in which certain molecules trap the radiation from the sun in earth's atmosphere. These molecules include carbon dioxide, sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs). 1 All of these compounds are infrared active, which means infrared radiation excites transitions of their electrons. Because they are infrared active, they can be identified from infrared spectra.2 The spectrum gives two main pieces of information: the intensity of the peak and the frequency of the transition. The intensity can be used to identify the concentration of the compound, and the frequency can be used to identify the compound …show more content…
Once known, this information can be used to manipulate the molecules in certain ways, mainly for the purpose of eliminating them from the atmosphere. By reducing the amount of greenhouse gases, the greenhouse effect will be lessened. In addition, greenhouse gases obstruct what astrochemists can see, so by reducing their presence in the atmosphere astrochemists can more effectively complete their observations. 2 Analyzing spectra is a way to observe how molecules interact with energy. Molecules have several ways of storing and expressing energy. They can do so through translational, electronic, vibrational, and rotational transitions. Electronic transitions hold more energy than vibrational transitions, which hold more energy than rotational transitions. The total energy of the system would be the sum of the quantum energy levels.2 The harmonic oscillator is a model of a system that stores and expresses vibrational energy. It begins in classical physics with a weight attached to a spring, which is attached to a solid immobile surface. This weight can oscillate back and forth on the spring. When this model is applied to atoms and molecules, the bond between the two atoms becomes the spring. The vibrational motion between the two atoms is the oscillation. The potential energy of the ball or atom is found, and this is used to predict the energy levels of the
He explains that the Carbon dioxide and methane are needed in small qualities to keep the earths at balanced the temperature, however if the gases increase – the result increase in average temperature worldwide. To demonstration this he in a lab experiment he used a glass jar with a small globe, thermometer and then fed the jar with carbon dioxide. The heat lamps were placed over the jars and as was suspected the temperature began rising. This analogy bring us to the conclusion that increased insulating gases such as carbon dioxide does cause temperatures to rise, as the carbon dioxide traps more of the earth’s radiant heat. Anthony Marr a geophysicist also argues that the increase of Latent heat or Enthalpy will affect the hottest and coldest areas in the world.
I. Introduction Long ago, since ancient time humans have been using energy and striving for the betterment of themselves, it all began with the use of tools which led to the discovery of fire, from this great breakthrough, humans evolved exponentially. Eons have passed and humans are still using fire to ease their daily lives from cooking, mobility and electricity, but due to the increase in advancement of technologies, it has also increased damages to the planet, thus the governments had started to move towards a producing or replacing the old harmful substance to a less harmful ones, but since one of the most used and one of the highest cause of ozone depletion is chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), it has been banned from production due to the Montreal Protocol 1991, one of the causes as to why it was banned is one of the chemicals it contain is chlorine, once a certain condition is met it depletes the ozone layer, ergo with earth shield compromised more harmful ultraviolet rays will get into the planet, thus only the reservoir of CFC are being used today, now it’s a race against time to replace this CFC with other materials that is less harmful and either as or more efficient than it. There are not a lot of ways to replace chlorofluorocarbon. Some of the most prominent ones are hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC), hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) and magneto caloric effect (MCE).
For this experiment, I used the online Mass & Springs PhET simulator to perform the experiment. First, I positioned the ruler so that 0 was on the line at which the end of the spring was at rest. Then, I put a 50g weight on the end of the spring and let the spring come to rest. After that, I pulled the spring down 10cm and released. I recorded the point at which the spring’s rebound stopped.
The third peak consisted of all four colors and finally the large peak consists of green and blue. Orange dyes would probably have the more noticeable peaks at the shorter wavelengths because both red and yellow both have peaks at the shorter wavelengths. Purple dyes would most likely have one distinct peak for a short wavelength and then one distinct peak for the longer wavelength because red has peaks at short wavelengths and blue has peaks at long wavelengths. The data observed looks almost nothing like the D2L data.
Despite those who may disagree, evidence has clearly shown that the global warming of the past 50 years is a result of human actions (Melillo, Richmond, & Yohe, 2014, p. 12). There is no one cause of this. Instead the collective actions of burning fossil fuels for energy, increased agricultural activity, and deforestation are resulting in increased levels of green house gasses. We know this because these gasses have been measured and the increases have been observed (Melillo, Richmond, & Yohe, 2014, p. 28). Although there has been an effort to reduce emissions, there are still many sources of these types of gasses.
We also use conservation of energy in two forms kinetic energy and potential energy. Kinetic energy is the energy of an object in motion with a mass and in an isolated system energy cannot be created or destroyed. Also there is potential energy which is the energy that an object has due to gravitation and its height. Pendulums are a swing device that rock back and forth using gravity to keep them in motion. At the bottom of the pendulums motion it has all kinetic energy and no
Global Warming Proposal Introduction The phenomenon of constant increase in the earth’s temperature is known as global warming. The excessive use of fossil fuels is destroying our environment as well as wildlife. It is a great threat to human life too, as this activity is causing intense pollution and also results in damaging the ozone layer.
HW #4 Chp 0 # 12, 13, 14 12) The motion of a relatively close object with a more distant background as the location of the observer changes. An example of a parallax would be the needle style speedometer gauge in the dashboard of a motor vehicle. When looking straight ahead, it will show you the exact speed. But when viewed from the passenger seat, due to the angle the needle may appear to be at a different speed.
Spectral lines are a bright line resulting from emissions of light in a very narrow frequency range. These lines are very strong radio emission lines. A light curve in AGN in simple terms means brightness verse time. Brightness
The Law of Conservation of Energy states that in a close system, the total energy of a system is conserved [1]. Energy could neither be destroyed nor created; it can only transform from one form to another. Now, energy comes in different forms. Some forms of energy include Potential Energy, Kinetic Energy, Chemical Energy, Sound Energy, and Thermal Energy [2]. At one instance, Kinetic Energy may transform to Thermal Energy but in the end, the total
It is this energy that really adds acceleration to the
But what triggers the emission of electrons is a clear cut minimum of the frequency of the light. What this implies is that energy is directly linked to frequency and more energy with the higher light frequency. The discovery of the phenomena that the minimum amount of energy which could be gained or lost by an atom was a result of this observation. This minimum amount was named by Max Planck as quantum, plural of which is quanta, meaning how much. One quantum of energy is carried by one photon of
Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and the fluorinated gases are all well-mixed gases in the atmosphere that do not react to changes in temperature and air pressure, so the levels of these gases are not affected by condensation. Carbon dioxide and the other non-condensing greenhouse gases are the main component of gases within the Earth's atmosphere that sustain the greenhouse effect and which control its strength. Impact of Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse effect is a natural process that occur in which allows the Earth to retain some of the heat from the sun. The main function of the greenhouse effect is to warm the surrounding of the environment. However, the excessive of the greenhouse gases causes the gases in the atmosphere trap energy
CH4 is 20 times more effective an absorber than CO2 – in those bands. However, CH4 is only 0.00017% (1.7 parts per million) of the atmosphere. Moreover, both of its bands occur at wavelengths where H2O is already absorbing substantially. Hence, any radiation that CH4 might absorb has already been absorbed by H2O. The ratio of the percentages of water to methane is such that the effects of CH4 are completely masked by H2O.
They also made a comparison to carbon dioxide, about the global warming potential that hydrogen may possess. The overall results from their studies suggested that hydrogen would disrupt methane and ozone in the atmosphere. It would cause methane’s lifetime to prolong and cause ozone depletion, ozone which is needed in the stratosphere to block harmful ultra-violet rays from the sun. Therefore hydrogen can be seen as an indirect greenhouse gas that can contribute to global warming.