Whether it relies on primary or secondary data, issues with missing data are constant and even significant in any form of research. (S1) Irrespective of the environment, subject matter and database used, missing values occur. Missing values are those situations where no data is stored for a variable in a given observation. (S2) Missing data are variables without observations or simply questions without answers. (S4) If any data on any variable from any participant is not present, the researcher is dealing with missing or incomplete data. (IS1) Some of the prominent causes of missing data can include data recordation (for instance miscodes), corrupted raw data fields and human error (S2)
Fisher and Waclawski explain, that philosophically, the fact that missing data even exist is seen as analytically “unpleasant” (S2). But why is this really an issue is research? Missing data can be seen as an issue because even a small percent of missing data can contribute to large problems with an analysis leading to the
…show more content…
Jacob Gross et al give mention to the fact that it is not a common trend for missing data to be rectified; in fact they stated that social science researches often ignore the issues surrounding missing data. They stressed on the need for researchers to not only develop a deep knowledge of why data are missing but to also be made aware of how to deal with missing data issues (S1).
The inevitability of missing data has been mentioned in that; unplanned missing data inevitably introduces ambiguity into the inferences that can be drawn from the study (IS4). There are ways to rectify such; however, it is important to know the types of missing data that the research design has encountered. There may be and probably are multiple reasons for missing data in a given data set and any type of missing data can threaten validity of analyses
Measurement issues. Data, even numerically coded variables, can be one of 4 levels - nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio. It is important to identify which level a variable is, as this impact the kind of analysis we can do with the data. For example, descriptive statistics such as means can only be done on interval or ratio level data. Please list under each label, the variables in our data set that belong in each group.
In the article, “What You’ll Do Next”, written by David Brooks. The writer talks about how data is collected and the different ways it is used now in the world. He also starts to talk about his main purpose of this article and tells us that people now are using data collected to predict human behavior. Brooks believes that although data is useful, it’s not useful for human behavior. That he also believes people shouldn’t let data tell them what personal decisions to make.
1. Statistical data was given to define the problem. That is the alarming number of children (9.8 millions) under 18 with no health insurance. (Sultz & Young, 2013, p.328). Also, the social, physical and academic problems children have to deal with because of lack of healthcare.
The book “Outliers,” by Malcolm Gladwell takes readers on a momentous adventure of twists and turns through life's most optimistic lessons. The aspiration of the book “Outliers,’ is a reflection of how the author Gladwell would like his readers to view and glide through the journey called life. Examples given within the book help to shed light on positive lifelong learning experiences. The key question in the book “Outliers,” is what makes people who are great achievers different from regular people? ” The term “Outlier,” illustrates phenomena’s that can happen apart from what is considered to be the social norm (Gladwell, 2007).
The United States currently faces a severe problem with one of their governmental processes. In the democratic system of the United States, politicians are elected by voting from the citizens, in most cases. The problem the United States is facing is that people are no longer voting in elections for officials. This problem is discussed in the article, “In praise of low voter turnout”, written by Charles Krauthammer. The main idea behind this article is that voters are no longer interested in politics, as they were in previous generations.
For example, a study from researcher Calvin Edlund shows that motivational rewards can backfire because it does not apply to real life situations. The study allowed a division between high intellect kids ‘A’ and ‘B’ and lower intellect kids ‘C’ and ‘D’ to answer certain questions. When getting the answer correct, groups ‘A’ and ‘C’ received M&M’s as a reward while groups ‘B’ and ‘D’ received nothing. Groups ‘A’ and ‘C’ showed an improvement in test scores after taking them again while the remaining groups did not improve. To receive proper results for this study, Edlund expanded his study to multiple middle and high schools.
America is regarded highly in the world, due to its economic, political, as well as social development. As countries mature politically, voter turnout is expected to increase. This is the case for most industrialized nations who experience an average voter turnout above 70%. However, it is troubling to see that America still lags below 60% in voter turnout. Viewed as one of the healthiest democracies in the world, the United States is always referred to as an example that other countries should follow.
Our educational system is failing us. The United States of America is supposed to be the “greatest” country in the world but statistics are showing that our government/educational system is failing us; children/young adults of the nation. Being a student of a middle ranked school in Arizona, I personally have had a first-hand feel for how good and/or bad teaching affects students. Just in high school I have had teachers that would just assign websites as our lesson and even teachers that sit at their desk for the whole hour; don’t even go over the mindset, homework, and maybe only show one problem so that we’ll know what the homework will be like. Until sophomore year I didn’t even know the differences between you’re, your, too, and to.
Third, not always the data is a good quality. Fourth, a data base can’t be instead of doctor-patient relation. Despite all these, there are organizations who believe
There is a slight difference between miscue analysis and retrospective miscue analysis. When a teacher conducts a miscue analysis with a student she listens to a student read and marks their miscues. After the reading has taken place and she has marked the miscues and jotted down any notes the student then retells the story to the teacher. In retrospective miscue analysis the student and teacher do the same thing as a miscue analysis but allows the student to discuss their miscues with the teacher after the reading. It allows the student to discuss and reflect on their own miscues with the teacher.
Resources were not provided directly because of inaccessibility of study area. However, reliability and validity of materials are not exactly since raw data was taken several years
So making a bad decision is never fun. I’d like to think that most of us prefer not to make them but can’t help to sometimes because we think a bad decision isn’t that bad. It might even be a good one in the right mind set. The point of this paper being to reflect on a pass choice looking at it with the elements of critical thinking. My bad decision is one I think most are guilty of, waiting until the last minute on something important.
The limit of available or reliable data can make the research become conflict. The research maybe not accurate with the real situation that happen. To conduct a research, the researcher need access to all source as many as possible to get an accurate
Social Problems in Societies Social problems are issues which are considered to affect majority if not all members of a society either directly or indirectly. Whenever people come to live together in a social setting, conflict arises from their differences in opinions regarding political issues, religion, ethnic issues, cultural practices and other health and hygiene issues. In such a situation, we can say a society inevitably develops social problems. The various social issues present today vary from society to society, and as such, we cannot say that all societies face similar social issues.