In this diagram we can see that acetaminophen consists of a benzene ring core, with hydroxyl and amide functional groups in proxy. Benzene (C6H6) is a hydrocarbon composed of 6 carbon atoms (92.26% of the molecule) and 6 hydrogen atoms (7.74% of the molecule) with alternating double and single bonds (resonance bonds) and is aromatic because of this. Benzene is a natural part of petroleum, usually <1.0% by weight, but is found in many things used today. Benzenes most common use is to produce ethylbenzene, with over half of the benzene used in the production of ethylbenzene. Benzene is a clear, colourless and highly volatile liquid which is soluble in water at an average room temperature (23.5o). Potential symptoms from overexposure by inhalation …show more content…
Other amide types include RC(O)NHR and RNH2. Amides are found in a wide variety of things, they are used in the production of drugs such as paracetamol and LSD, but are also found in DNA. Amides are similar to amines (RNH2) in that they are both derivatives of ammonia and are both bases, though amides are considerably weak when compared to amines (amines have a pKa of around 9.5, while amides have a pKa of around -0.5). Therefore amides do not have clearly noticeable acid-base properties in water. The lack of basicity within amide is due to the C=O, or carbonyl group, within the amide as it has electron withdrawing properties causing the lone pair of electrons within nitrogen to become delocalised. The Amide functional group is also a moderate Electron Donating Group (EDG), meaning that it donates some of its electron density to conjugated …show more content…
Pure acetaminophen is a white, semi transparent, crystal in the shape of a large monoclinic prism. Acetaminophen is very slightly soluble in cold water but is considerably more soluble in hot water. The recommended dosage of acetaminophen is of 0.5 grams for children from 7-12, taken every 4-6 hours and 1 gram for anyone aged 12-Adult, taken every 4-6 hours. As acetaminophen is a toxic drug an overdose can cause liver damage resulting in death. The reason for this toxicity isn't because of the benzene ring found in acetaminophen, which can also cause liver damage, but rather a metabolite known as N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI). NAQPI reduces the amount of glutathione (an antioxidant that prevents damage to cells) within the liver and also damages the cells within the
Second of all, one of the hydrogen atoms is substituted by a hydroxyl group. A hydroxyl is an oxygen atom bonded the carbon atom instead of a hydrogen and finally
According to Google, the lethal dosage for acetaminophen is 10 grams. As I scanned the painkiller aisle in CVS for the least expensive option that would do the job, my eyes rested on a small bottle of extra-strength Tylenol. 24 tablets, the bottle read, 500 milligrams each. I quickly worked that out in my head to be 12 grams.
Benzyne Formation and the Diels-Alder Reaction Preparation of 1,2,3,4 Tetraphenylnaphthalene Aubree Edwards Purpose: 1,2,3,4-tetraphenylnaphthalene is prepared by first producing benzyne via the unstable diazonium salt. Then tetraphenylcyclopentadienone and benzyne undergo a diels-alder reaction to create 1,2,3,4-tetraphenylnaphthalene. Reactions: Procedure: The reaction mixture was created. Tetraphenylcyclopentadienone (0.1197g, 0.3113 mmol) a black solid powder, anthranilic acid ( 0.0482g, 0.3516 mmol) a yellowish sand, and 1,2-dimethoxyethane (1.2 ml) was added to a 5-ml conical vial.
Acetaminophen is a powerful pain reliever that is used in many medications. Consuming too much acetaminophen can result in severe overdoses and liver damage. It’s suggested that adults weighing one hundred-fifty pounds should not take more than four thousand milligrams of APAP per day. It just so happens that each of the drugs EF is taking contains acetaminophen (Blahd, n.d.).
Acute, high-level inhalation exposure in humans, can result in irritation of the upper respiratory tract and eyes, kidney dysfunction, and neurological effects such as reversible mood and behavioral changes, impairment of coordination, dizziness, headache, sleepiness, and unconsciousness. The primary effects from long term inhalation exposure at lower levels, are neurological effects, including sensory symptoms such as headaches, impairments in cognitive and motor neurobehavioral functioning and color vision
Caffeinated beverages are a popular source of energy that works to increase reaction times and improve awareness. The experimenter’s hypothesis that people who drink two or more caffeine drinks a day have a faster reaction time than those who drink zero to one caffeine drinks a day. In this study 14 adults from the University of Maryland University College Psych 300 class participated in an online reaction test.
It is made up of four nitrogenous bases, which are Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine. Adenine always pairs up with Thymine, and Guanine always pairs up with Cytosine. They also have a phosphate group, and a sugar called deoxyribose. The phosphate group had a phosphate atom and four oxygen atoms.
Acute Liver Failure One of a vital organ of the human body is the liver. The liver is a largest glandular organ in the body and has multiple critical roles. Liver maintains the body of toxins and harmful substances, also liver produces bile that helps to digest fats. Without a healthy liver, life is not possible. Once the liver is damaged, because a virus or harmful chemicals or for any other reason, it will lose its ability to function and it is called liver failure is a life-threatening condition.
4C compound is dehydrogenation to reduce NAD. The cycle runs twice so
They are classified as nNOS, which is found in neuronal tissue, the inducible isoform iNOS, located in macrophages, and eNOS, mostly found in endothelia (2). The neuronal isoform nNOS is present in central and peripheral neuronal cells and is involved in the development of nervous system, as they produce the necessary physiological concentrations of NO needed in cellular communication. nNOS has many other physiological functions, including regulation of cardiac function and peristalsis, sexual function, contraction of skeletal muscle or body fluid homeostasis. nNOS in the heart protects against cardiac arrhythmia induced by myocardial infarction.
Chapter two discussed chemical compounds and their different representations whether naming and or through formula format. From such information, the amount of atoms, moles, and or determining charges can be found. All formulas can convey a limited amount of information depending on which structure has been selected to represent the compound. Compounds are usually shown by a chemical formula. Once compounds have bonded through the attraction of protons and electrons, if the bond is ionic or covalent may be shown now.
Carbon Sugar Molecule or deoxyribose 2. A phosphate group 3. One of four nitrogen bases. The four nitrogen bases adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). These make up the double helix.
Tramadol is a synthetic opioid analgesic used to relief pain. It is an odorless powder, which is white, bitter, and crystalline in shape and it is readily soluble in water and ethanol. The molecular formula of tramadol is C16 H25 NO2 . HCl and figure 1 shows the chemical structure of tramadol. In the 1960s, Grünenthal GmbH developed tramadol.
The purpose of the study is to determine the association of acetaminophen and development of asthma five to seven years later in children who used acetaminophen for fever at least once a month in the first of their life. Independent variable: use of acetaminophen in children for their first year of their life Dependent variable: risk of developing asthma five to seven years later. Hypotheses: 1) There is a relationship between the use of acetaminophen and the risk of developing asthma in children 2) There is no relationship between the use of acetaminophen and the risk of developing asthma in children. Definition of terms: Acetaminophen (Tylenol) – belongs to a class of drugs called analgesics and anti-pyretic.
Painkillers are analgesic medications. They are available in different forms such as liquids, tablets, capsules, suppositories, creams and ointments. They can be taken by mouth, injection or via rectum. There are a lot of types of analgesics, and the main types are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and opioids. NSAIDs which are used to reduce pain, fever, and inflammation.