UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI Name: Akshada Wavekar ROLL NO: 44 MA PART I SEMESTER I Why do people fail to recognize their own incompetence ABSTRACT Successful negotiation of everyday life would seem to require people to possess insight about deficiencies in their intellectual and social skills. However, people tend to be blissfully unaware of their incompetence. This lack of awareness arises because poor performers are doubly cursed: Their …show more content…
They take classification data and a rule-based theory as input which are the result of a rule-based learner with the hopes of producing a more accurate model of the data (Hekenaho 1997). The majority of rule-based models that have been developed are heuristic, meaning that rational analyses have not been provided and the models are not related to statistical approaches to induction. A rational analysis for rule-based models could presume that concepts are represented as rules, and would then ask to what degree of belief a rational agent should be in agreement with each rule, with some observed examples provided (Goodman, Griffiths, Feldman, and Tenenbaum). Rule-based theories of concept learning are focused more so on perceptual learning and less on definition learning. Rules can be used in learning when the stimuli are confusable, as opposed to simple. When rules are used in learning, decisions are made based on properties alone and rely on simple criteria that do not require a lot of memory ( Rouder and Ratcliff,
Atkinson, R. C., and Shiffrin, R. M. Some speculations on storage and retrieval processes in long-term memory. Technical Report 127, Institute for Mathematical Studies in the Social Sciences, Stanford University, 1968. Thorndike, E. L. (1898). Animal intelligence: An experimental study of the associative processes in animals.
The world is selfish place, full of selfish people with cruel intentions. No one does anything descent or kind for anyone else, without it benefitting themselves in some kind of way. Kindness (generosity?) isn't free. We all pay for it in the end…eventually. The book A Cage of Butterflies, by Brian Casswell, is an episodic novel about 'babies', who are stolen from their families to be used as lab rats.
Secondly, an anecdote explains how an apprentice at an Auto repair shop and how that apprentice became incompetent as a foreman while he was a competent mechanic. The author then concludes that everyone will sooner or later reach their level of incompetence but some take longer than others. Before concluding the article, the author declares the discovery of the new science of hierarchiology. He also further describes how every member of the society is indirectly affected by ‘The Peter Principle.’ Lastly, he asserted that
In his essay, “On Laziness”, Christopher Morley persuades his audience that laziness is a virtuous trait rather than a shameful one through the use of irony, diction, historical allusions, and logical reasoning. Morley utilizes irony to describe the consequences of having a good work ethic. He states, “We have been hustling about for a number of years now, and it doesn’t seem to get us anything but tribulation…. It is the bustling man who always get put on committees, who is asked to solve the problems of other people and neglect his own.” The irony in this statement is that as people try hard to prove that they are responsible beings, they bury themselves in piles of responsibility even though they do not want it.
“We Are All Confident Idiots” by David Dunning presents a phenomenon that people often fail to recognize their own ignorance. The article was recently published on the website of Pacific Standard, and it intends to reach a wide range of readers, among them, American youth and teachers are probably the main target audience. Living in a time surrouds by expedient aceess to knowledge, people however are not any wiser. Dunning sharply points out the great extent of confidence that different people show in their unfamiliar areas, and he uses statistics and various research results from his own and others to support his arguments. The article has a subtle structure, starting with reality show, expanding on the arguments with three main types of ignorance, gradually outlining the severity of not recognizaing ignorance, and finally, effectively leading to a convincing conclusion.
In his essay “Dumb Kids Class”, Mark Bowden argues that a person can learn valuable lessons from any person, contrary to society's belief that knowledge is to be taught from someone who is intelligent and wise. Having switched from the dumb kids class to the smart kids class, Bowden was aware of the set standards set upon him and the dumb kids of being mischievous, unintelligent, and rowdy. Society often forgets an abundance of lessons can be learned from anyone. In fact, Bowden incorparated the lessons he learned from the dumb kids in his daily life and gained respect he otherwise would not have gotten.
Differentiation, with respect to instruction, means tailoring it to meet individual needs of the students. Teachers can differentiate content, process, products, or the learning environment, the use of ongoing assessment and flexible grouping makes this a successful approach to instruction. Teachers differentiate the four classroom elements based on student readiness, interest, or learning profile. (Tomlinson 2000). Differentiated instruction can be known as an organizing framework in teaching and learning which calls for a major restructuring in the classroom and syllabus, if done in the proper way, its benefits will transgress the costs.
New behaviour will continue if it is protected. According to this theory, the learning process is made more efficient if the new behaviour is demonstrated as well. One of the strengths of learning theories is that they developed methods for practical work. The criticism though, is that in their willingness to achieve visible results, they can become influencing. In learning theories, one was not concerned with the unconscious processes, but more with the visible behaviour.
(2008). Naturalistic Decision Making. Human Factors. Retrieved from http://www.ise.ncsu.edu/nsf_itr/794B/papers/Klein_2008_HF_NDM.pdf Kellogg, R.T. (2016). Memory Systems.