You see twenty dollar's fall out of a person's pocket, are you going to keep it for yourself or give it back to the unknowing person? The decision is your to make...not quite. In Lauren Slater's book, Opening Skinner’s Box, Slater studies B.F Skinner's experiments on reactions. In Slater's own research she meets Jerome Kagan who believes free will exist and even jumps under his desk to prove it. However, I disagree with Kagan's claim that by diving under his desk he is proving he has free will because he overlooks the fact that he was trained by his society to do so, people react based off operant conditioning and finally, determinism.
Jerome Kagan claims that jumping under the desk is a sign of his free will, when really it is just an example of how our society has held men higher than women. In Lauren Slater’s book, Opening Skinner's Box, Slater maintains that “Maybe he is acting out of a more problematic tradition, patriarchal and alone.” (28). In other words Slater believes that Kagan jumped under his desk because it is what our patriarchal society pushed him to do when questioned by a women. Kagan was trained in
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This is the idea that people's behavior is based off of the consequences and reinforcements one receives. Slater agrees when she says, “Operant conditioning- a cold phrase for a concept that might really mean we are sculptors and sculpted, artist and artwork, responsible for the prompts we fashion.” (29). I making this comment Slater is agreeing that people are always in one of two positions. One is either the controller, giving reinforcements, or the controlled receiving the consequences they are given for their actions. Both people in these rolls are reacting based off the the reinforcements they are given. Their actions are pre-trained by cues they receive in their individual environments. Operant conditioning is another idea that goes against the idea of free
In the book “Opening Skinner’s Box”, Lauren Slater discusses many complicated ideas relating to certain experiments of recent times. In every chapter, she focuses on one specific experiment and poses many controversial thoughts. One of the chapters I found most interesting was the second chapter titled “Obscura”. In it she walks readers through the experiments of Stanley Milgram and questions the purpose, results, usefulness, and morality of the experiments. To begin, the purpose of the experiments seem to be off to me.
Operant conditioning is a type of learning process where the strength of a client’s behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment. Dr. Foxx’s work with Harry is an example of operant conditioning because of the techniques he used with different levels of consequences, for example time out and physical reinforcements. With that being said Dr. Foxx used Harrys restraints as both positive and negative reinforcements. In addition, some of the examples Dr. Foxx used to work with Harrys problem behavior
Nevertheless, Skinner points out that children learn nothing from the punishment. Instead, they may start to work out how to avoid it (Nolan & Raban, 2015). Another concept is classical conditioning (classical behaviorism) that emphasizes on the relation between stimuli and response. This concept embodies in a famous experiment, in which the food is presented to the dog when the bell rings, and the bell becomes a conditioned stimulus for the dog (Nolan & Raban, 2015). Likewise, if children receive toys in the condition that they behave well, then they will probably repeat this behavior to get the toys.
Skinner (1938) alludes to the potential of a response to be created from the collection of data, as opposed to a biological process. This discovery coined the term operant conditioning. Holland (1992) states that Skinner’s experiments “showed that the control was in the consequences of the behaviour”. According to Skinner (1950) cited in Woolfolk et al (2013), behaviours can be segregated into two forms of environmental influences namely
Learning is a process, it starts from the moment we are born. As infants, we learn by seeing and touching, since we are not yet able to talk. As we grow, learning becomes a continuous process. According to Meyers (2014) , “one way we learn is by association, our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence” (pg.#). By linking two events that occur close together, we are exhibiting associative learning.
“The brain was a part of the body, and once you focus on the body, you should be focused on behavior and seek to change it” (Bjork, 2015, p. 2). Early psychologist Burrhus Frederick Skinner set out to do just this, and created multiple impacting theories along the way that have influenced the psychology field. The theories of Burrhus Frederick Skinner have had several positive imperssions on the career field of psychology and have influenced the practices used today. The impacts discussed include operant conditioning, the Skinner Box, manipulated behavior, and the similarities between the minds of animals and humans.
Free will is something that we, as people living in a judeo-christian and capitalistic society, seemingly depend on for purpose, but throughout much of history, the concept was viewed through a quite different lense. In The Oedipus Cycle by Sophocles, despite all of the efforts of Oedipus to avoid his fate, the king of Thebes is not able to avoid the inevitable, due to circumstances out of his control. Considered in a more simplistic light during Sophocles’ time, with the role of the gods playing an much more significant role in people 's thought processes, many preeminent philosophers, such as Sam Harris, are now taking this point of view, but then adding science and excluding religion. While this topic is still quite controversial even today, by delving into both the science behind free will and also the text of The Oedipus Cycle, the conclusion that the concept of free will is a false narrative is not as implausible. First and foremost, the science behind free will is essential in the understanding of people’s decision making.
“Life is like a game of cards. The hand that is dealt to you represents determinism; the way you play it is free will.” – Jawaharlal Nehru. The world is split into three groups of people, those who believe in determinism, those who believe in free will, and those who believe in free will in respect to determinism. Determinism vs. Freewill has been a topic many philosophers have argued about for a long time because it is something that cannot be physically proven nor disproven.
When participants were asked to move their fingers, they found that the brain enters a special state prior to conscious awareness, meaning that the movement had been decided by the unconscious mind before the participants were aware of it. This shows that our actions are largely determined by our unconscious, thus contrasting the theory of free will. Libet (1983) ran a similar experiment in which participants were asked to move their finger and concluded that individuals have no free will as far as the initiation of movements is concerned. However, Libet explained that whilst we might not have any control over the predetermined decision to move our finger, we do have the capacity for a “cognitive veto”, meaning, we can resist this decision. Since the evidence for determinism are garnered from neuroscience, and humanistic approach is far less scientific, the evidence for determinism is
A behavioural psychologist believes that human behaviours can be explained and modified in terms of conditioning, without considering thoughts or feelings. Behaviourists emphasise the relationship between the environment and behaviour. This is called focus on learning, which is the changes in behaviour that can happen because of an experience. There are two main concepts, the stimulus which is the event or object that is measurable and may affect behaviour, and the response, which is the behaviour itself. For example, a child could be abused and could grow up to think that violence is a good behaviour and could be abusive to their family.
Eventually, the previously neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response without the presence of the naturally occurring stimulus. The two elements are then known as the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response. 2. Operant conditioning Operant conditioning (sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that
Operant conditioning is a behavior learning that influenced and controlled by consequences. Learning behaviors in operant conditioning are made through rewards and punishment with the result of a change in behaviors. B. F. Skinner created the phrase operant conditioning. However, his work is utilized from another psychologist, Edward Thorndike law of effect. Skinner input four kinds of consequences, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment and negative punishment.
Thorndike’s theory states that “responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation” (Psychestudy, 2018). In this theory, we learned that behavior can be modified through the use of positive and negative reinforcement or reward and punishment. American psychologist, B. F. Skinner, demonstrated the effectiveness of positive reinforcement through his experiment with the Skinner boxes and hungry rats. Inside the box was a lever and when it was accidentally pressed by the rats as they moved around inside, food would be dispensed into a container beside the lever. The rats then learned that by pressing the lever, they would receive food and would automatically go straight to the lever once put inside the box.
The concept of behaviourism is a combination of social experience, regular interaction, and operant (constant) conditioning (Skinner, 1957). It can be concluded that, in Skinner’s philosophy, learning is the product of discoveries of external sources, developed by demonstration and practice. The implications of Skinner’s theory were that the inner processes that take place during learning by social exposure are old-fashioned. Skinner reinforced his behaviourist ideas with the hypothetical interpretations that were common at the time, yet, the conclusions were not practically supported by an adequate amount of research. For example, Skinner established that the experiments performed on the way animals acquire behaviours is sufficient evidence to support his operant conditioning theory; as long as there is plentiful input and training the learning will be developed.
Skinner believed that human and non-human animal’s behaviour is determined by past events, which contributes to future behaviour. The issue with determinism is that it rejects free will and the idea that humans are able to make free decisions and take responsibility for their own actions. (Toates, 2012) Biology such as things like thoughts, feelings, intentions and the brain are not taken into account. Rather, there is more emphasises towards the observation of behaviour and past experiences, without acknowledging mental events.