3. Review of literature 3.1 Stress and its types: Stress is an essential mediator of human behaviour. Immediate physiological response to any type of stressor facilitates survival of the species at its maximum. Despite of normal homeostatic regulatory mechanism, the stress responses can become maladaptive. Chronic stress, for example immobilization, exposure to noise, irradiations, psychological stress can leads to a host of adverse health consequences, including cardiovascular diseases, neurodegeneration, obesity, depression and early ageing (McEwen et al, 2004). Acute stress or single exposure to stressor of minutes to hours will be not produce any ill effect as body have protective and adaptive effects managed by hormones and other physiological agents. However re-exposure has proven to be more enigmatic or difficult to reverse. Conrad et al (1999) stated that severe or prolonged exposure to stressors is harmful, brief or moderate stressors actually enhance neural function. Various behavioral studies focusing on the memory functions of the hippocampus have demonstrated that moderate stress enhances memory performance but severe stress causes adaptive plasticity and impairs memory. Prolonged stress produces interaction between local neurotransmitters and hormones leading to structural and functional damage causing suppression of neurogenesis. The main mechanism is, as hippocampus is intensity sensitive to stress and the stress hormone glucocorticoids (GCs) (Bruce et al
Often called the fight or flight reflex, stress has been known to save people’s lives, whether it be on a battlefield or some dangerous situation back home. Too much stress ultimately leads to health problems, but too little stress isn’t good for us either. When we go too long without a sharp stimulating response, the body loses its ability to handle stress properly (Tom Scheve, 2009). Somewhere between too much, and too little stress can actually be good for you, helping you perform under pressure. It is when someone cannot turn off that fight or flight feeling that it begins to show its negative effects.
In this article featured in the book Does Stress Damage the Brain?, J. Douglas Bremner wanted to determine the link between stress and damage to the brain. Bremner stated that human bodies react to situations that can lead to hazardous forms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Bremner concluded that PTSD can cause depression, nightmares, flashbacks, and lack of memory. This type of stress is very unhealthy and can change the way that the brain develops and functions.
The Brain Memory is made up of multiple systems that help create, store, and recall your memories. They often work together in unison, but if you are under stress, like during a test, it may be harder to recall. There are many different parts of your brain that help you remember things, these include the amygdala and the hippocampus. The amygdala plays a prominent role in the brain when it processes a memory of emotional reactions or social behavior.
My research paper will be focusing on the HPA (Hypothalamus-Pituitary Gland-Adrenal Gland) axis activation in response to stress with a focus on the harmful side effects of the end product of the HPA axis, cortisol hormone. I would also like to bring to attention how stress response can vary in different individuals with certain predisposition that can cause them to have severe physical responses to stress later in life, such as diabetes and cardiac health issues. My lens will be focusing on how college students, in particular, cope with stress while highlighting which coping methods they are using and evaluating how effective they are. Word Count: 104 Annotated Bibliography Brougham, Ruby R., et al.
The 2008 National Geographic documentary, Stress, Portrait of a Killer, explains stress in many different perspectives. The film discusses its history, who has the most of it, it's mental and physical damages to the body, and how we can reverse its effects. Few are aware of the lasting damages stress has on one’s body; this includes
The human brain a powerful tool. It allows us to learn, see, remember, hear, perceive, and understand language. Sometimes, the human brain also fails us. Trauma is often the result of an overwhelming amount of stress that exceeds one's ability to cope, or when you experience a life-threatening event to yourself or someone close to you, accompanied by intense fear, horror or helplessness (according to Webster dictionary). Psychological Trauma interferes the area in the brain such as amygdala (involved in emotion management), and the hippocampus (involved in memory and memory consolidation).
Specific purpose: To inform my audience the physical, mental, and emotional effects of stress. Central Idea: Stress effects people physically, mentally, and emotionally. Introduction I. Imagine being so stressed that it affected you emotionally, physically, and mentally. II.
DNA and hormones have a manipulative effect on our daily life’s. For example Cortisol is the hormone that controls our energy levels in times of stress (DuVall). We all have experienced the feeling of being “stressed”. Some people tend to get stressed over little problems and some tend to get stressed over bigger problems. Dr. Nadolsky states that high levels of cortisol have been shown to cause cardiovascular issues.
But now, researchers have begun to reveal what happens in the brain following this kind of trauma. Trauma can cause lasting changes in the areas of the brain that deal with stress, namely the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal
Cindy Liu Mrs. Puma English III Honors 17 January 2018 Annotated Bibliography: Stress or Anxiety Reduction/Management Block, Sandra. " De-Stress Your Life." Kiplinger 's Personal Finance, vol. 71, no. 2, Feb. 2017, p. 64. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com. Accessed 10 January 2018
(Ma, et al., 2015). Additionally, there is a link between PTSD, depression, and metabolic syndrome,
For instance, stress could lead to stress-induced gastrointestinal problems, irritable bowel syndrome, acidity, acid reflux, insomnia, depression, heart disease. Moreover, stress could push the victim toward high risk behaviour such as smoking, drinking, and substance abuse. Stress-related illness led to increase in absenteeism and attrition affecting the profitability of the organizations. (Kumar & Rooprai, 2009) Stress can be triggered by the pressures of everyday responsibilities at work and at home. Traumatic stress, brought on by war, disaster, or a violent attack, can keep your body’s stress levels elevated far longer than is necessary for survival.
The vast majority of findings support that mood and specifically anxiety impairs memory. This relationship often leads to formation of false illusions of memory. However, studies have yielded inconsistent results. Contradicting evidence supports, that stress could enhance or have no effect on memory (Cazakoff, Johnson, & Howland, 2010). Additionally, Lee (2008) reports that when a memory is consolidated and then activated, it can be modified following a protein degradation process.
On the other hand a lot of stress can backfire completely and can be a horrible thing for you. Too much stress can even cause health problems for you. According to Mayo Clinic stress can affect your physical health as well as your mental health. For physical health it can cause head and stomach aches, sleep problems, chest pain and even a change in your se drive. Stress can also affect your behavior, it can cause your to have anger outburst, social withdrawal and might even cause you to turn to drugs and alcohol.
An increase in the serum corticosterone levels and a long-term reduction of proliferating cells in the hippocampal formation was reported after environmental noise exposure. (Hirano et al. 2006). Noise causes a significant impairment in the early spatial memory, possibly by disrupting glutamate-NMDA receptor signalling and triggering aberrant tau hyperphosphorylation in the hippocampus. In long-term noise-stress, there is oxidative stress, increased cholinergic activity, reduced dendritic count in the hippocampus and elevated plasma corticosterone level, which can cause impaired spatial memory.