B.F Skinner, one of the most prominent psychologists in the 20th century, introduced the concept of operant conditioning in 1938. By furthering his research into the behaviours of animals, he developed his famous theory of Operant Conditioning (McLeod). Two of the major terminology Skinner used to explain the recurring or extinction of particular behaviours are reinforcement and punishment. In this paper, I would briefly introduce the meanings behind these terminology, give some daily examples for this theory, as well as describing my personal stance towards this.
Skinner described reinforcement as the chances that a particular response will happen (Cherry). Reinforcement can be divided into two separate types, positive and negative reinforcement. Positive reinforcement is when an additional object or stimulus is added to allow the response to be repeated in the future (Cherry), whereas negative reinforcement is the encouragement of a particular response in hopes of eliminating or avoiding a negative result (Cherry).
Punishment, on the other hand, is the elimination or eventual extinction of a particular response (Cherry). Similar with reinforcement, punishment can also be divided into positive and negative punishment.
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Parents, for example, may offer a toy or a child’s favourite food as a reward every time he / she scores high marks in a test or examination. This is an example of positive reinforcement. However, if parents scold or send their child to his / her room when he / she scores a low grade, this is an example of positive punishment. Other examples of Operant Conditioning includes applying insect repellent on yourself before you go hiking in order to avoid getting mosquito bites (an example of negative reinforcement) or a teacher confiscating your homework when you attempt to do it in his lesson (an example of negative
For example, the reinforcement of desired behaviors and ignoring or punishing undesired
In chapter 7, I found the concept of punishment to be most intriguing. Punishment is a part of operant conditioning which was theorized by B.F. Skinner. Punishment is often confused with negative reinforcement. However, the main difference between the two is: while the goal of reinforcement is to increase the likelihood of a behavior, the primary goal of punishment is to reduce the chances of the behavior it follows. In 1938, Skinner concluded that punishment produces only temporary suppression of behavior but later research found that effects may be permanent.
1) What symptoms did Harry have, even in infancy, that would suggest he had problems? The symptoms Harry illustrated was self-abuse. However Some of the self-abusive behaviors that Harry revealed was skin picking until he bled, hitting himself, biting, and smashing his face and nose with his fist or his knees. In Harrys infancy stage his mother had to place mailing tubes over his arms to prevent him from hitting his face with his fist. 2) What ethical concerns about the treatment of Harry might have been troubling to the IRB of the hospital in which he was being treated?
Operant conditioning is a condition in which the desired behavior or increasingly closer to the approximations to it are followed by a rewarding or reinforcing stimulus. “The fundamental principle of operant conditioning is that behavior is determined by its consequences. Behavior does not occur as isolated and unrelated events; the consequences that follow the actions of an animal, be they good, bad, or indifferent, will have an effect on the frequency with which those actions are repeated in the future,” (Laule 2). A reinforcement strengthens a response, reinforcement
1. The two types of feedbacks are positive and negative feedback. 2. Stimulus- the reaction Signal-
• Analyze two (2) of the four (4) consequences of behavior, and illustrate an incidence where a combination of those two (2) would occur together. The four types of consequences that can result from behavior are positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment and extinction. Positive reinforcement occurs when your behavior results in something desirable happening to you like receiving a gift or money, psychological like a feeling pleasure, or some combination of the two. Negative reinforcement occurs when your behavior results in removing something you find annoying, frustrating, or unpleasant.
Nevertheless, Skinner points out that children learn nothing from the punishment. Instead, they may start to work out how to avoid it (Nolan & Raban, 2015). Another concept is classical conditioning (classical behaviorism) that emphasizes on the relation between stimuli and response. This concept embodies in a famous experiment, in which the food is presented to the dog when the bell rings, and the bell becomes a conditioned stimulus for the dog (Nolan & Raban, 2015). Likewise, if children receive toys in the condition that they behave well, then they will probably repeat this behavior to get the toys.
Throughout this book, we can see examples of operant conditioning. This type of conditioning includes reinforcing behavior with some sort of action. Operant conditioning usually occurs in early childhood -prior to middle childhood- but can also happen later in life (Belsky, 11). This is present in multiple areas of the text. One of the first examples of operant conditioning that can be seen is when Robert is learning to swim.
Introduction Learning enables you as an individual, to gain more knowledge about something which you have never learned about. Learning also has to do with past experiences which are influenced by behavioural changes (Weiten, 2016). There are different types of ways to learn; through, classical conditioning, operant conditioning and observational learning which will be discussed and analysed in the essay. Behaviourism Behaviourism is considered one of the main subjects in psychology and the two main people who founded behaviourism were, Burrhus Frederic Skinner, also known as B.F Skinner and Ivan Pavlov who were famous for the work they did on classical and operant conditioning (Moderato & Presti, 2006). According to Moderato and Presti
Within this theory there are two types of punishments and two types of reinforcements. Positive reinforcement deals with the presentation of positive stimuli after an action. Negative reinforcement is when a negative stimulus is taken away. Positive punishment is when undesired consequences are attached to a certain behavior. Lastly, negative punishment is when desired consequences are removed such as material items.
Basically, operant conditioning involves reinforcement or punishment as the way of changes in behaviour or pattern permanently. Operant describes as voluntary response of living organism. The individual response is affected by the later consequences. In short, it is just an easy process of learning that tends to response more when the outcome is manipulated. Operant conditioning was found by Polish neurophysiologist Jerzy Konorsky.
In this case, reinforcement is referring to having an increase in behavior and regarding to punishment its defined to decrease a behavior. The reinforcement and punishment can consist of being positive and or negative. In operant conditioning, the most effective method to utilize is positive reinforcement, which is beneficial for the change of one’s behavior. Positive Reinforcement
Link to reality: Both Skinner’s theory of operant conditioning and Pavlov’s theory of classical conditioning can be used every day in an ECCE setting. Today many school systems and childhood authorities follow Skinner’s and Pavlov’s theory by using the approach of positive reinforcement. This encourages good behaviour in the child making the behaviour more likely to be repeated again as they are rewarded and praised for their efforts in reading, writing and general learning. It is important that children’s efforts in a learning setting are rewarded as this will encourage the child to perform to the best of their ability.
Reinforcement and punishment are methods used in operant conditioning and both can be positive and negative but work in a unique way. Positive means you are adding something so you increase a behaviour and negative means you are taking something away so you decrease a particular behaviour. Reinforcement Reinforcement is used to help increase a specific behaviour in the future and if done correctly this behaviour will increase, occurring more frequently as the child develops.
1. B.F. Skinner: Behaviour modification Positive and negative reinforcements or rewards and punishments are used to modify or shape learner’s behaviour. B. F. Skinner’s entire system is based on operant conditioning. The organism is in the process of "operating" on the environment, which in ordinary terms means it is bouncing around its world, doing what it does. During this "operating," the organism encounters a special kind of stimulus, called a reinforcing stimulus, or simply a reinforcer.