First examining Reiman and Leighton we can see the problems facing white-collar crime compared to common crime. Common crime is seen as more harmful than WCC. Crime is seen to be most commonly committed by young, poor, minority, males. They are counteracted by a maybe not perfect justice system. The police arrest them, the courts convict them, and the prison corrects them. The criminal justice system is supposed to target and profile the typical criminal. The definition of typical criminal is decided by the statistics in the criminal justice system. The criminal justice system determines that common criminals are the most dangerous. The crimes they commit to each other one on one are the most harmful crime there is. The common criminal is normally …show more content…
WCC is almost always commited on an individual level by corporate executives, but it can be committed by governments and other entities as well. The criminal justice system almost has no hand in the WCC realm of investigative enforcement. The SEC and other regulatory agencies have to ensure that they find the crime. In a common crime, we know what the crime is we have to find the perpetrator. The sentencing of WCC criminals is completely different as well. The police normally do nor arrest them, if the court convict them it normally will be on a plea bargain on behalf of the defendant’s attorney to ensure the clients gets a fine and avoids jail time. The corporations that commit WCC will normally only receive a fine and be told not to do that certain crime again under threat of harsher punishment. There is no target criminal for WCC. It is up to the SEC and regulatory agencies to find these crimes and hidden corporate agendas to ensure WCC cannot be perpetrated. It would be hard to discern who a typical criminal would be anyway. The concrete data of studying White-collar crime only began in the early 1960’s. The assumption that one on one crime is more harmful is astronomical. WCC is more harmful both physically and financially than common crime anyway you examine it. We can take a case study to show the demographic and socioeconomic differences between a WCC criminal and a common criminal. The heavy electrical equipment scandal is a prime example. The defendants are described as the men in ivy league suits that were all well respected members of the community. They all sat on church, hospital, bank and other community oriented types of executive boards. The defense attorney condemned the jail time. He called it cold blooded to send “this fine man” to be behind bars with common criminals who have been convicted of embezzlement and other serious crimes. The struggle of WCC is
A white collar crime is committed to make profits, they are not the acts of madmen or irrational people. They are rational acts that often require planning and careful
White-collar crimes like what happened to Shirley Lee are prevalent today. Many view white-collar crime as less threatening than typical blue-collar crime (i.e. robberies). Both crimes however, affect society in a negative way. White-collar crimes cause more direct financial harm than blue-collar crimes. Blue-collar criminals cause more physical harm and for that reason are often perused and punished more rigorously.
In our previous class we spoke about how the profile of the usual white collar criminal is white, middle age, has a high level of education married, has a home and is in a supervisory position. This reminded me of one of my undergrad classes where we spoke about older white males more likely to commit suicide because of the loss of status. Putting those two together if reminded me of former Walls Street trader Michael Marin. Michael Marin was 53 years old, had a wife and children and could not pay the $2,500 a month mortgage on his home. Furthermore, he had $34,000 in back taxes.
3. The Naturalization of the Prison Industrial Complex The United States prison industrial complex was naturalized when incarceration became numerous stratified, racialized and gendered images of who is labeled as criminal and what is considered criminal behavior. The prison industrial complex adoption of imprisonment and policing as a means of punishment and control through pop culture, education, society, family, institutions, and cognitive thought processes. It is a constant recognition of the consequences manufactured from deviance but also serves as a buttress to what is considered lawful justice.
– Occupational Crime- Illegal activity committed within the context of the occupations. – Governmental Crime- Variety of crimes committed by government employees or within a government context. State Corporate Crime, Crime of Globalization and Finance Crime: Combination of agencies involved in the illegal act. Crimes by international financial institutions, banking/thrift crime, money laundering, insider trading, and fraud. Enterprise Crime, Contrepreneurial Crime, Technocrime, and Avocational Crime: Other types of white-collar crime, often considered marginal or tangentially related to core white-collar crimes.
Although people have adequate exposure of crime in the society, but they are often mistaken that crime will be only occurred in the poorer neighborhood and among lower class of people. Yet, the truth is, a crime can be happened anywhere and by any class of people who have bad intentions. Furthermore, Merriam Webster actually defines crime as the activity that is against the law. By the presentation of Corona’s first degree murder case, Hamilton has successfully illustrated the example of a higher class people’s crime: “The farmer, who had contracted with Corona to hire field workers, returned the next day and saw the hole filled with dirt. At this point, it clearly explains that Corona was actually the higher class person in his society, he was the field worker contractor of the orchard owner and the superior for the field labors.
Race, Class, and Incarceration The main goal of the U.S. law enforcement has been to make the world a safer place but in the process of making the world a safer and “better” place there have been quite some downfalls. One of those many downfalls would have to be the American prison system. In today’s society police enforcement has given so much focus on prosecuting street crime while failing to acknowledge white-collar crime and other major crimes that occur every day.
There are different types of “white collar crime” that exists inclusive of fraud, embezzlement, insider trading and Ponzi schemes. “White collar crime” affects everyone and the main driving force of the perpetrator of the white collar crime is mainly greed plain and simple. There are different theories associated with “white collar crime”. One of these such theories is the rational choice theory. The rational choice theory indicates that persons have a choice of whether to commit an offence or not.
To contribute to the financial advantage the rich have, the wealthy generally commit more white collar crimes than street crimes, which are treated as lesser in the overall criminal justice system. Street crimes are far more visible than white collar crimes and those charged with street crimes are more likely to face justice than those charged with white collar crimes (Martinez, 2014).
In her book, The Color of Crime, author Katheryn Russell-Brown analyzes the roles that race, gender, and ethnicity play on crime in the United States, particularly how African Americans are viewed and effected by the views held by law and policymakers, law enforcement officers, and judges. The second edition of Russell-Brown’s book is a revision of her first edition, originally published in 1998, which was updated to address modernity issues, topics, and cases. Throughout, Russell-Brown focused on the balancing of heavy in-depth statistical information with specific cases to exemplify her views. The first chapter addressed the historical and current inaccurate portrayal of race in the mass media, while the second chapter discussed the conversation
166) Harms that can be caused by corporations include corporate fraud such as pension frauds, harms caused by working like death, injury and disease, exposedness to airborne pollutants and food poisoning. Hillyard and Tombs (2007) state that applying a concept of crime to corporate harm is not compatible, on the grounds that administrative entities cannot be reduced to actions, motivations and objectives of an individual human representative who composes them. Hence, the zemiological approach might be more accurate to comprise mass harms caused by corporations (p. 19-20). For the study of global crime and insecurity this would mean that if the zemiological approach would be applied, a particular focus would be placed on collective and corporate responsibility.
As we have learned in previous readings, people relate crime to the typical criminal which is characterized as black, poor, urban and male. This racial typification has led to greater social control, which currently aims at reducing crime and deviance, as stated in our previous reading. We also know that media, specifically the news plays a big role in perpetuated these racial stereotypes and fear through the selection of the violent crimes and criminals they portray. This perpetuated fear affects mainly whites, which leads to their support in harsher punishments and policies that are directed towards blacks because whites support the idea that crime is racial as evidenced through their exaggeration of black involvement in violent crime and burglary. Of course, other variables like education, religious beliefs, and racial prejudice impact this view that crime is a racial activity, but even after controlling for these mainly whites still use racially typification to substantially support harsh punishments and polices.
In addition, The US Justice Department should not let WorldCom to go into merger and acquisition as it was creating monopoly. For that reason, they were able to play high. 3. How could the fraud at WorldCom been prevented?
Background WorldCom, once known as one of the most powerful telecommunication organizations of the world, is now studied as a case of a fraudulent company that carried out unethical financial activities to cover its weakening position in the market. After some aggressive investment decisions, the company started to witness huge financial pressure. The management used various forged accounting entries to conceal its weakening position. Cynthia Cooper, Vice President Internal Audit, discovered the unethical activities and raised the issue with the management and relevant departments and received bitter responses. She carried out internal audits in her own capacity with her colleagues and compiled evidence against fraudulent activities.
E CRIMINAL LIABILITY 3.0 INTRODUCTION A corporation is not a natural person and only acts through its officers; if what the officers did is criminal in nature, then only the corporation is liable to be prosecuted. Corporations, as legal persons, gain many benefits similar to natural persons but they continue to be able to hide behind complex corporate structures to evade the liability of natural persons under the criminal law. Corporations continue to cause severe injury to individuals, groups and the natural environment through their actions. Their ability to abuse power and evade criminal liability reveals their current privileged position in comparison to individuals.