Acetaminophen Synthesis Lab Report

Cool the filtrate to room temperature, add 1.5 g of sodium nitrite, and stir until reaction is complete. 5. Pour this mixture, while stirring, into a beaker containing 25 mL of ice water to which 5 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid have been added. The diazonium salt of sulfanilic acid should soon separate as a finely divided white precipitate. Keep this suspension cooled in an ice bath until it is to be used.

Measurement of lipid peroxidation TBARS, a measure of lipid per oxidation, was measured as described by Ohkawa [15]. Briefly, 1 ml of suspension medium was taken from the 10% tissue homogenate. 0.5 ml of 30% Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) was added to it, followed by 0.5 ml of 0.8% thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reagent. The tubes were covered with aluminium foil and kept in shaking water bath for 30 minutes at 80°C. After 30 minutes, tubes were taken out and kept in ice-cold water for 30 minutes.

During this step, I observed that there were bubbles in the solution, especially at the bottom of the beaker. After adding the HLC, there solution had a slight yellow tint. Next, I mixed 0.529g of sodium acetate in 3mL of water and added 0.679g of acetic anhydride to the aniline solution and immediately added sodium acetate. The solution was cooled in an ice bath for fifteen minutes. During this time, I noticed the formation

It has been noticed that it has a specific medical treatment in such a way it will treat that type of infection or dieses. Chelation therapy is normally used to treat metal poisoning. These metal poisoning include lead, acute mercury, iron, arsenic, uranium, plutonium and other forms of poisoning metal. Depending on the type of the poison and the type of agent, biological chelation therapy agents will be administered or injected either intramuscularly or intravenously. Each and every time testing urine for metals one must make sure that she/he tests it before injection or administration of any chelation therapy agent.

The sample was transferred to a 250 ml conical flask kept in water bath for alkali treatment. 75 ml of 17.5% caustic soda was measured using a measuring cylinder at 20°C. 15 ml of 17.5% NaOH was added and fibres were macerated gently with a flattened glass rod for 1 minute. 10 ml more NaOH was added and the solution was mixed for 45 seconds. 10 ml NaOH was again added and mixed for 15 seconds to make lump free slurry.

Assignment 3: Synthesis and Characterisation of L-glutamic acid: Procedure: 1) Approximately 4.40g of L-glutamic acid was added to 0.1L of water. The solute was dissolved completely using a sonic bath. The solution was placed in a thermostatic bath at 80°C and left for 30minutes. 2) After this period of time, the solution was removed and equally distributed into three boiling tubes labelled A,B&C. 3) Then, the boiling tubes were left in a water bath at 45°C.

Upon finding the actual concentrations of salicylic acid, concentration of aspirin in the flask at various times can be found using the equation [aspirin]t = [aspirin]0 – [salicylic acid], since at constant volume, number of moles of initial aspirin decrease to form salicylic acid. Initial concentration of aspirin formed as follows: [aspirin]0 = 0.212g / (180.157gmol-1 * 50/1000 L) = 0.0235 mol L-1. Thus using the first test as sample, [aspirin]t = 0.0235 – 9.981*10-4 = 0.0225 mol L-1. To find the rate constant, we will need to log the value of [aspirin]t and plot it against time to find the rate constant. Figure 1 shows the diluted and actual concentrations of salicylic acid, the concentration and log value of aspirin at various times.

Hemoglobin A1C in the sample reacts with anti-HbA1c antibody to form a soluble antigen-antibody complex. A polyhapten reagent containing multiple HbA1c epitopes is then added to this cuvette. The polyhapten reacts with excess (free) anti-HbA1c antibodies to form an insoluble antibody-polyhapten complex. The rate of this reaction is measured turbidimetrically at 340 nm and blanked at 700 nm and is inversely proportional to the concentration of HbA1c in the

4.2 PREFORMULATION STUDIES PREFORMULATION STUDIES Preformulation testing is an investigation of physical and chemical properties of a drug substance alone and when combined with excipients. It is the first step in the rational development of dosage forms. Preformulation commences when a newly synthesized drug shows sufficient pharmacologic promise in animal models to warrant evaluation in man. These studies should focus on those physicochemical properties of the new compound that could affect drug performance and development of an efficacious dosage form. A thorough understanding of these properties may ultimately provide a rationale for formulation design, or support the need for molecular modification.

Randomized controlled trials (RCT) form the basis for translating research data into clinical practice and are the trademark of evidence-based practice. Random controlled trials are the standard of a scientific test for new medical interventions. RCT’s have predefined study samples built out of the target population and randomly assigned to different groups (placebo vs. new treatment). The observed effects of investigational treatments at defined time points constitute predefined endpoints. Pharmaceutical companies must meet this standard when working out levels of efficacy and safety that can be achieved by an experimental drug.