Acid And Base Impurities Lab Report

This is because the the lower member is a very polar molecule therefore the very polar alcohol/carboxylic acid would react with the very polar water molecules. In this experiment, 1-butanol is slightly soluble in water but ethanoic acid is very soluble in water. The reason why the higher members which is 1-butanol in this case have non-polar and polar bond and they are only slightly soluble in water is because the non-polar 1-butanol is dominant to the very polar water molecule, hence making it a non-polar

The experiment yield is 1.589g, which is a 80.3% yield. The triphenylmethyl methyl ether is almost pure with only a 0.05 difference in Rf values. Introduction The purpose of this experiment is to create an organic compound  by a SN1 reaction. The starting material is triphenylmethyl chloride which reacts with methanol to produce an ether. Methanol is the solvent and nucleophile of the reaction.

Solvent used in the elution process would be the mobile phase and solvents of different polarity would have a significant impact on the separation due to the varying solubility of compounds in different solvents. Hexane, being the less polar solvent, interacts mainly with the less polar analytes but very slowly with polar analytes. Therefore using hexane at the start of the elution process allows the less polar compound to be eluted out first. After the complete collection of less polar analyte, the mobile phase was changed to the more polar hexane/ethyl acetate solvent, which has stronger interaction with the more polar component, allowing it to be eluted out faster. The change in solvents throughout the elution process would allow for an effective and efficient separation of the compounds β-carotene and chlorophyll in the crude extract of green leaves.

HAPZ administered at higher dose level has shown significant decrease in kidney weight when compared to cisplatin control group but the lower dose of HAPZ has no effect in this aspect. Serum urea In cisplatin administered group there was a remarkable significant increase (228.67%) in the serum urea level in comparison to the normal control group. The results indicated that the drug showed a dose dependent significant reduction in the serum urea level towards normal range. The higher dose of P. zeylanica reduced the concentration of urea by 68.2% when compared to cisplatin control group. Serum

Multicomponent inclusion complex also reduces amount of βCD required for complexation, thus reducing the formulation cost (16, 17). In our previous study it has been reported that the βCD alone increases the solubility of DOM by 2.2 folds where as ternary complex comprising of DOM, βCD and citric acid (CA) increases the solubility of DOM by 76 folds (18). Riebero et al. (2004) have reported that the quaternary inclusion complex (QIC) of a weakly basic drug such as vinpocetine, βCD, tartaric acid and water soluble polymers enhances the solubility of vinpocetine than the ternary complex involving vinpocetine, βCD and tartaric acid. It was found that the polymers increased the stability constant of QIC by co-complex formation (19).

The Benedict’s test is useful for reducing sugars. Reducing sugars are a carbohydrate that can either be straight chains with an aldehyde group at the end or as ring forms with a ketone group (Hill, 1982). Monosaccharides and most disaccharides will reduce copper (II) sulfate. The Benedict’s solution contains cupric ions and the aldehyde groups at the end of the sugars will reduce the cupric ions to cuprous ions (Cu+). There will be a precipitate of copper (I) oxide when the cuprous ions combine with oxygen (Hill,

There was a drop in kinetic energy, so the vapor pressure inside of the can became extremely low. The drop in pressure meant that the molecules hit the sides of the can with less force and hit the sides less frequently. The pressure inside of the can was then much lower than the atmospheric pressure outside. The molecules outside crushed the can because when they hit the outside of the can, they hit it more frequently and with more force compared to the molecules inside of the

Pure acetaminophen is a white, semi transparent, crystal in the shape of a large monoclinic prism. Acetaminophen is very slightly soluble in cold water but is considerably more soluble in hot water. The recommended dosage of acetaminophen is of 0.5 grams for children from 7-12, taken every 4-6 hours and 1 gram for anyone aged 12-Adult, taken every 4-6 hours. As acetaminophen is a toxic drug an overdose can cause liver damage resulting in death. The reason for this toxicity isn't because of the benzene ring found in acetaminophen, which can also cause liver damage, but rather a metabolite known as N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI).

Firstly, it influences cholesterol’s solubility because of its polarity. Since the hydroxyl group is polar, it allows this portion of the molecule’s structure to be able to dissolve in water, causing cholesterol to be an alcohol. Overall, the molecule is amphiphilic because the hydroxyl group allows cholesterol to be hydrophilic, and the presence of its other structural features causes it to be hydrophobic. Secondly, the hydroxyl group influences cholesterol’s reactivity because it’s what causes the molecule to be very reactive, since the hydrocarbon tail and hydrocarbon rings are not as reactive. Thirdly, the hydroxyl group influences the cholesterol’s physical shape because its presence makes cholesterol a steroid alcohol.

There are some of the most useful nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are structurally derived from arylacetic acids. These compounds are often referred to as the “profens” based on the suffix of the prototype member, ibuprofen. These agents are all strong organic acids (pKa = 3-5) and consequently form water soluble salts with alkaline reagents. All of these compounds are mostly ionized at physiologic pH and more lipophilic than ASA or salicylic acid. In order to increases cyclooxygenase inhibitory activity and reduces toxicity of the profens, the α-CH3 substitutent present in the profens.

This makes buffer 1 a greater buffer compared to buffer 2. This is not true for Buffer 2 because the because NaOH was added to acetic acid to form acetate ions as conjugate base: The graph 1 shows the buffer capacity of buffer 1 is at pH 4.559 as it takes about 7.5 mL to change the pH. Whereas the buffer capacity of buffer 2 is at pH 4.756, which takes 5.9 mL to change the pH. These number shows buffer 1 has higher buffer capacity. The pH at 4.559 is significant as once the pH exceeded this value, the buffer will become ineffective.

When determining the solubility of malonic acid in different solvents both water and methyl alcohol were found to be polar when mixed with malonic acid. Hexane however was insoluble. Lastly biphenyl was mixed with water and was found to be insoluble, methyl alcohol was determined to be partially soluble.Hexane on the other hand was the only soluble solvent for biphenyl 2. Part B. of this experiment determined the solubility of different alcohols in hexane or water. Alcohols 1-Octanol, and 1-butanol were both found to be soluble in hexane while methyl alcohol was determined to be insoluble.

But, in the case of speed of tarnishing between the two elements, potassium was faster than sodium. It dissolves completely in water quicker than sodium. Alkali metals tend to react violently or explosively with the water; however its reaction with methanol is gentler. The reaction of sodium or potassium with methanol caused a fizzing (gas released) until the metal

Hydrogen chloride has a very powerful smell. It is in the form of a gas but only when it is at room temperature which is approximately 25 Celsius and when the pressure is high. When you add water to hydrogen chloride then it breaks down into small pieces which are known as dissolving. The solubility of hydrogen chloride is very high this means that it can dissolve in water quickly because it dissolves many times in its own solution (the gas form of hydrogen chloride). It is very soluble because the smaller the chain of the molecules are then the energy will be required in small quantities however if the chain is long then it will need more energy so that means that the longer chain will have a slow reaction.