PRINCIPLE Fatty acids are one of the major components in lipids. Fatty acids contain an aliphatic chain with carboxylic acid group. Free fatty acid (FFA) will form during the breakdown of lipid by the process of hydrolysis and oxidation. These free fatty acid content which also known as acid value is important where it is commonly used in quality control of fat and oil. Acid value is the value that indicate the amount of FFA present in a particular substance. Which defined as the number of miligrams of KOH required to neutralize the free acids in 1 g sample, is the measure of FFA content. The FFA content used to determine the FFA content that found in oil. DISCUSSION Discussion question 1. What are the relationship between FFA, hydrolysis …show more content…
Oxidation is not one single reaction, but a complex series of reactions. When lipids oxidises it produces a series of products in stages, starting with primary oxidation which include the free fatty acids. The oxidation and hydrolysis process can be measured by the acids value (free fatty acid, FFA). Acids value is a common parameter in the specification of fats and oils. It is the measure of of the free fatty acids (FFA) present in the fat or oil. An increment in the amount of FFA in a sample of oil or fat indicates hydrolysis of triglycerides. There are instances where hydrolysis of triglycerides and oxidation of FFA are the key in development of desirable of flavor and aroma in …show more content…
Besides, the lauric acid (unrefined oil) has higher average acid value and average free fatty acid value than palmitic acid (refined oil). Different type of sample has different average acid value because they contain different level of acid value. This indicate that the palmitic (acid oil) has highest acid value followed by lauric acid (unrefined oil), palmitic acid (refined oil) and oleic acid (refined oil). The low acid values are an indication of lower rancidity of oil which is better than the high acid value which indicates that higher rancidity of oil. This mean that the oleic acid (refined oil) is better because it has lower rancidity of oil than the palmitic (acid oil) which has the higher rancidity of oil. This is because the rancid oil does contain free radicals that might increase the risk of developing disease. The difference between the value may be because of some errors occured during handling the experiment. It may caused by the inappropriate handling of the equipments during the
Eric Schlosser - Fat Food Nation Eric Schlosser begins "Global Realization" with a visit to Plauen, which he writes, "has been alternately punished, rewarded, devastated, and transformed by the great unifying system of the twentieth century... Plauen has been a battlefield for these competing ideologies, with their proudly displayed and archetypal symbols: the smokestack, the swastika, the hammer and sickle, the golden arches. " What are the "competeing ideologies" to which Schlosser refers? What do the "archetypal symbols" he mentions represent? Each person learns to develop their own distinct set of beliefs based on the fact that they have their own subjective reality.
In definition, an oxidation reaction is when any chemical reaction in which the oxidation number of a molecule, atom, or ion changes by gaining or losing an electron. A weathered layer of copper oxide covers Lady Liberty that weighs about eighty tons. The color from brown to green only took thirty-four years after the statues construction, according to the New York Historical
By looking at our results, even though my partner and I didn’t obtain a high percent recovery for the unknown, we were still able to identified our unknown to be Acenapthene. We know that our unknown B8 is Acenapthene because of its melting range and its color. The unknown B8 was similar to the color of Acenapthene, and the mixed compound (Acenapthene and the recrystallized compound)’s melting range was close to Acenapthene’s literature melting range. With these two points, my partner and I believed our unknown B8 to be Acenapthene. According to our recrystallized vanillin, we know that our vanillin was pure because of its melting range.
“Michael Pollan’s ‘ The Consumer- A Republic of Fat analysis” Michael Pollan is an established writer who has, in fact, won many awards. He has written several books, including The Omnivore’s Dilemma (2006), as well as, In Defense of Food: An Eater’s Manifesto (2008).
Problem: Can the specific heat of an unknown metal be found using calorimetry? Background: Calorimetry is the science of measuring heat based on observing the change of temperature when a body takes in or gives off energy as heat or light. The device used to determine heat associated with a chemical reaction is called a calorimeter. When calorimetry is used it’s information is then put into an equation to find the specific heat of an object.
“Definition of a trans fatty acid: (noun) an unsaturated fatty acid of a type occurring in margarines and manufactured cooking oils as a result of the hydrogenation process, having a trans arrangement of the carbon atoms adjacent to its double bonds. Consumption of such acids is thought to increase the chance of health risks.” Although certain fats are considered be part of people’s health, there are certain types of fats that should be closely assessed and ignored out of our diets. One of which has drawn an array of controversial issues is trans-fats. Trans-fats can be mostly found in many food sources such as vegetable oil, crackers, cookies and margarine.
I organized four different tests; pH paper, alkalinity tests, the number of rocks neutralizing acid, and the number of rocks that don’t neutralize acid. The average for pH paper was seven. The pH is the numeric scale used to specify the acidity or alkalinity of an aqueous solution. The pH scale measures acidity and alkalinity. the pH scale goes from zero, which is an acid reading, to fourteen, which is an alkaline reading.
Synopsis This laboratory report gives an outline of the experiment which was carried out in order to measure the density of water at different temperatures via two different methods. The lab consisted of two parts. In the first part the density of water was measured by hydrometer. At first the density of water at room temperature was measured.
This finding could have been due to experimental errors which affected the results. Discussion
The information was gathered through multiple tests which are used to detect the presence of certain macromolecules in the victim’s stomach contents. Then, the detective will be able to pin-point which restaurant the victim last ate at by checking the foods of the restaurants and the victim’s stomach contents to see if they will parallel each other. The detectives know that the victim’s last meal was pizza at Anthony Franco’s because the three macromolecules that were found in the victim’s stomach can also be found in pizza. Lipids were found in the stomach solution through a positive result from the paper bag test. Lipids make up the grease and oil that typically saturates the crust after cooking.
Firstly, because the NaHCO3 compound was not stored in a sealed container, therefore dust particles could have changed the results, and making the product impure. Also, there are uncertainties associated with the instruments used in this experiment. This, if the products were measured slightly more than should be, this could have affected the concentrations of the solutions, and therefore causing a larger
If the sample to be analyzed is non-volatile, the techniques of derivatization or pyrolysis GC can be utilized. Gas chromatography (GC) has been an indispensable analytical technique in the application of fatty acid determinations in oilseed plant breeding, biosynthesis, and human metabolism. As well as the characterization of complex mixtures of geometric isomers when combined with other chromatographic separations and spectroscopic identification. Plant cultivators utilize GC as a more accurate and fast method to evaluate the differences and inheritance of fatty acids in oilseed crops such as rapeseed. flaxseed, and safflower.
The actual data is the result on our experiment vs theoretical, which is based on the calculations above. I have also learned to pay more attention to draining out all of the product completely before continuing to test the experiment, as any small drop of contaminant can veer our results into a different
Strong acids and strong bases are strong electrolytes and are assumed to ionize completely in the presence of water. Weak acids however, only ionize to a limited extend in water. Any weak or strong acids when in contact with any weak or strong alkali will start to undergo neutralization regardless of their volume. When an indicator which is present in the acid-base mixture and have experienced colour change, it indicates that the mixture is in right proportions to neutralize each other and is also known as the equivalence point.
The mass of vinegar used during the experiment was 4.108 grams. It was determined that there were .003129 moles of CH3COOH in the vinegar sample. Using this information and the molar mass of CH3COOH, which was 60.05 g/mol, the mass of acetic acid in the vinegar was calculated: 4.Vinegar is a 5% aqueous solution of acetic acid. Since the mass of acetic acid within the vinegar was calculated as .18789 g in step 3, the percent of CH3COOH was calculated using the following equation: To calculate the percent error, the experimental value of 4.5% acetic acid in vinegar was subtracted by the theoretical value of 5% and divided by 5% to yield a percent error of 8.54%. The following is a copy of the calculations done using decimals: 5.The equivalence point of the titration curve measured in step 1 was 25.25 mL of NaOH.