Act Utilitarianism

Although Ayn Rand constructs persuasive points for the ethics of emergencies, the central principle of morality that states to follow one’s own ranking of values is flawed and therefore his argument for emergencies must be rejected. Rand considers objectivism to be the truth because even though it can be hard to justify that selfishness could be morally right, she supports her stance by stating it is every person’s responsibility to care for their own life. If people do not care for their own life, and lets their lives fall into chaos, then it is nobody’s fault but their own, and no one is morally obligated to feel bad for them. Rand then attempts to explain the main issue of explaining how to deal with circumstances where certainly any

As the King said, we can survive as brothers or perish as fools. The American dream will not become a reality devoid of the larger dram of a world of brotherhood and peace and good will. Answer 3c: Elimination of differences would give equal rights to all the citizens. With equal rights, all citizens can collectively move forward to achieve the American dream. Democracy will have a true meaning and there will be a spiritual oneness as well.

The final formal theory that I have found influential is the Ethics of Justice. Shapiro and Gross (2013), defined justice as a “mode of choosing that is universal, a rule of choosing that we want all people to adopt always in all situation”. This acts as a platform for the Ethics of Justice which deals with laws, rights, and policies, and “implies procedures for making decisions that respect the equal sovereignty of the people” (Shapiro & Gross, 2013, p. 22). My personal philosophy aligns to this feature because I find that lawful behaviors make a safe and equitable environment more obtainable. Furthermore, by teaching students these concepts, they will become more concerned for the “welfare of the school as a community, a concept that extended beyond the school’s walls and into the local environment” (Shapiro & Gross, 2013,

He adopts the Kantian idea of universality to draw a distinction between legitimate and illegitimate coercion. Hayek considers that laws can truly be legitimate if they are universal, ensuring that no particular individual or interest group is targeted, and these laws instead directed at the normal, average human being. So that when we abide by such rules irrespective of how they may apply to us, we are not subject to another’s will and are therefore then considered to be free. Such universal rules work to inhibit people from acting in manners that would be regarded by the general as dangerous. Thus, they are not coercive because they only condition, not direct an individual’s decisions or behavior and work to enforce a private sphere in which individuals may pursue their own ends protected from outside intervention.

Liberal contractarianism and libertarianism are big advocates for the individual. They believe the states primary goal is to protect these individual rights and help people flourish through their individually chosen goals. “Liberalism adds the corollary that the state should remain neutral regarding values, goals, and actions that do not directly interfere with anyone’s autonomy.” What Wenz was suggesting is that liberalism strives to make the state a neutral party and not have the state take sides in individual matters. Both of these theories focuses in on individualism as the most important part of society. This is because individualism only has two obligations.

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Among the Ethical Philosophy, which I find to be interesting and different from the beliefs that I have, is the Normative or Ethical Hedonism. Coming from a culture which is highly collective, this ethical philosophy is something interesting to learn as a person who strive to broaden his horizon by learning different ethical philosophy that might different from ours, yet common and acceptable by other culture. As far as our culture is concern, we believe that we must act always according to the will of our conscience and we must always follow the norms of the society for the betterment of all. Normative Hedonism is a theory which suggest that happiness must be always be given a huge importance and as much as possible “pain should be avoided.”

When it comes to the philosopher that is mostly correct about the kinds of personal sacrifices that morality shouldn’t demand on us to make in the name of common good, it is Bernard Williams. He basically states that utilitarianism is too demanding upon us for the happiness of others, where we can’t even focus on the happiness of ourselves. Not only is a person responsible for the things they do in life, but they have to be responsible for the consequences of things that they don’t do in life that don’t bring the greatest happiness to everyone around them. Utilitarianism states that even if someone were to feel a negative way on a subject due to their values or morals, they should dismiss all personal feelings and emotions to promote general happiness. Williams disagrees and I as well disagree with that statement.

I would have to say that I agree most with relativism and how it is explained. I agree with the idea that there is no global idea of right and wrong, or the ideas of values tend to differ from one culture to the next. The reason as to why I chose this theory compared to egoism and utilitarianism is because of how each of their main points had been given. With egoism it revolves around being a completely selfish being in order to fulfill a well being and utilitarianism revolves around the idea of complete equality of happiness which is not a bad thought although it is far

Ernazar Kamal Utilitarianism Utilitarianism is an ethical theory, which determines the moral value by its utility. According to utilitarian opinion, the action is morally good, if it brings an overall maximum happiness. In this theory, as in consequentialism, consequence is important, and is some cases only matters. It is believed that one would achieve happiness, when there would be a pleasure and no pain. (John Stuart 2013) However, it is important to understand that utilitarianism considers not only the quantity, but also quality of the pleasure.