Acute Asthma Attack Case Study

Conjunctivitis medicamentosa: Also known as toxicogenic conjunctivitis is caused by medicine or toxin instilled into the conjunctival sac. Causes and transmission The cause of allergic conjunctivitis is an allergic reaction of the body's immune system to an allergen. Allergic conjunctivitis is common in people who have other signs of allergic disease such as hay fever, asthma and eczema. Organisms like Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Chlamydia sp. Candida albicans and parasites (Ascaris lumbricoides, Ancylostoma duodenale) are the main causative agent of Phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis.

Sputum contains a lot of bacteria, viruses, fungi and other pathogens. Respiratory infectious diseases, like influenza, tuberculosis, bronchitis, pneumonia, measles, pertussis, diphtheria and other pathogens, are spread through the sputum, very dangerous. Spitting there are many hazards, not only can cause health problems, in infectious disease multiple times, phlegm is a highly damaging route of transmission, inadvertently freely spit sputum are likely to have increased 10 people infected with the virus. First of all, spitting could lead to spread bacteria, into the air will harm to people. In our usual life, no spitting everywhere slogan, the reason is spitting is an extremely uncivilized unsanitary, spitting will make sputum bacteria spread easily, especially in public places, crowded place will make the spread of the virus.

1. Rhinosinusitis. Rhinosinusitis is the inflammation of the mucosal lining of one or more of the paranasal sinuses. It is caused by viral or bacterial infection of the sinus cavities. It can also stem from allergic rhinitis.

These neutrophils, upon infiltration, first attach to the endothelium followed by undergoing diapedesis and migrate towards the area of inflammation. Subsequently, neutrophils release cytokines, growth factors and proteases to amplify inflammation reactions, promote cell proliferation and degrade extracellular matrix as well as debris respectively. Second inflammatory cells that enter the injured tissues are the mature macrophages differentiated from the circulating monocytes. Among other functions, activated macrophages phagocytosed microbes, foreign materials, apoptotic neutrophils and dying tissues from the wound in preparation for repair. They also synthesize a multitude of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines to trigger inflammation responses.

This blocking is a result from spasm (contraction) of the bronchial muscles, swelling of the mucous membranes that line these muscles, and production of phlegm. This causes the narrowing of the lung airways results. Allergic bronchial asthma is the most common kind of Asthma that is caused by a specific allergic reaction. In most cases, the allergy is caused by ordinary substances, such as house dust, airborne pollens, or certain foods. Many people who suffer from asthma are allergic to aspirin.

Dendritic cells ‘present’ antigens to T cells, causing T cells to proliferate into either helper T cells, which aid B cell activation, or cytotoxic T cells, which leave the lymph node via the efferent vessels (Milling n. d.) to areas of antigenic activity in the body. Juxtaposition of B and T cells with dendritic cells is essential for their activation (Mondino et al 1996). The medulla contains B cells, macrophages, and antibody-producing plasma cells which have migrated from the cortex, all embedded within a reticular fibre and cell network. From the medullary sinuses, the filtered lymph drains into one or two efferent lymphatic vessels located at the hilum (depression in the concave side of the ‘bean shape’) (blood vessels also enter and exit the node here). Valves in the efferent vessels direct lymph out of the node, along with antibodies secreted by plasma cells and cytotoxic T cells.

Blood doping. An illegal way of increasing the athletic performance by increasing the blood’s ability to carry more oxygen to the muscles. It increases the quantity of the haemoglobin in the blood stream. Haemoglobin is the carrying agent of oxygen through the blood. The fact that more blood is being brought from from the lungs to the muscles, this higher amount of blood can increase the level of the athlete.

• Hypertension – High blood pressure has consistently been associated with an increased risk of developing an acute MI. • Smoking – Tobacco contains certain components that are known to damage vessel walls. The body’s response to this damage elicits the formation of atherosclerosis thereby increasing the risk of an acute MI. • Male gender – The incidence of developing an acute MI is more for men than women however; with age this risk

1. Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV): Varicella and Zoster virus (VZV) belongs to the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily and is the responsible for two human illnesses: varicella and zoster. Three Alphaherpesviruses are capable of infecting humans: herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV). The members of this subfamily are commonly characterised by their ability to establish a latent infection in neurons. Primary infection occurs in epithelial cells leading to a skin rash and fever as a phenotype.

When the stomach contents pass through the mouth, they can erode tooth enamel because they are very acidic. Thus, tooth erosion, sensitivity, discoloration, and possible tooth loss are likely to occur. Due to the frequency of vomiting, the parotid salivary glands can begin to swell. However, this symptom relieves when the person stops vomiting. As the individual induces vomiting, the lower esophageal sphincter must open to allow the stomach contents move backward through the esophagus.