CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1Introduction
Cancer is a major root cause of disease among human deaths in many developed countries. Cancer Prediction or classification in medical practice trusted on clinical and histopathological facts could be produce incomplete or misleading results .The DNA microarray is very useful to determine the expression level of thousands of genes simultaneously in a cell mixture [1]. DNA microarray technology has been applied to find out the accurate prediction and diagnosis of cancer. Molecular level diagnostics with gene expression profiles can offer the methodology of accurate and systematic cancer prediction. It’s very important for treatment of cancer to classify tumour accurately. Because the gene expression data generally comprise of huge number of genes, several scholars have been scrutinizing the problems of cancer classification using data mining approaches, statistical methods and machine learning algorithms to effectually evaluate these data [2].Various machine learning
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The adaptive resonance theory (ART) has been developed to avoid the stability-plasticity dilemma (SPD) in competitive networks learning. Basic ART structure consist of Comparison field and recognition field composed of neuron Vigilance parameter Reset module .COMPARISON FIELD:- It takes an input vector and transfer it to its best match in recognition field. RECOGNITION FIELD:- The cluster units , also called a competitive layer. VIGILANCE PARAMETER: - After input vector is classified, a reset module compares the strength of the recognition match to a vigilance parameter. RESET MODULE:- To control the degree of similarity of pattern placed on the same
, and forehead. The local feature that is mainly used here is wrinkle feature of some particular portions of the face like forehead region, eye corners regions, eyelids, mid of eyebrows. Using five distance values, six features namely feature 1 to feature 6 are calculated in the following way: Feature 1 = (left to right eye ball distance) / (eye to nose distance)
DNA Fingerprinting Using Agarose Gel S. Aaron Sowards Bio 122 Lab 04 Brianna Adanitsch Jakob Lester Minhenga Ngijoi 2/21/18 Dr. Chad R. Sethman Abstract DNA fingerprinting is the process of analyzing an individual’s DNA base-pair patterns. The DNA fingerprinting lab involved identifying the suspect using Agarose Gel and Polymerase Chain Reaction. It was found that suspect two s DNA matched the crime scene DNA.
Do you believe that we should change human DNA and genes to make “better” people? I think that the answer really depends on what you are changing or trying to make better about a person. If the person has a genetic deformity, then the answer would be yes. You should try to help that person to be “better”. If we are talking about a person who is normal, that wants to be better at a sport or a talent then the answer would be no.
Statement of the Problem DNA has become a vital part of criminal investigations. DNA can include and exclude suspects of criminal investigations. During a criminal investigation, all DNA should be collected, properly preserved and tested, but at times this does not occur or the technology was not available for this process to occur. In addition, DNA has become an imperative portion of exoneration cases.
REF PCR results obtained from both normal and tumorous samples can then be compared to analyse differences in the mir-218 expression levels. Another method is
Introduction Double Helix by James Watson discusses many things from the science world, including concepts we have learned this semester. The concepts we have learned this semester that are in the book includes the following: DNA, protein synthesis, cells, viruses, and heredity. Because of the time period this book takes place in, however, Watson does not discuss the concepts in full detail like we can today; but there are connections made between what we discussed this semester and what James Watson discussed in the book. Key Idea 1, DNA DNA is one of the concepts we have learned this semester and is discussed all throughout the book, mainly because the book is about discovering the structure of DNA.
The third leading cause of death in united states is a medical mistakes, and there are many types of medical mistakes. For example, the stages of liver cancer and Tuberculosis are similar, so the doctors have to distinguish between symptoms of the diseases to get a correct diagnosis. Liver cancer is a dangerous and fatal disease due to the fact that the liver fulfills a lot of many fatal functions in the body. For example, the liver breaks down the component of blood to create nutrients that are available to use, the most important function, and the liver stores sugars to provide a body with energy.[1] Knowing the stages and developments is important for doctors to diagnose accurately. However, the developments of liver cancer involves
Sedna is the type of woman that is shallow and hostile. I believe she is shallow because in this story, she demonstrates to be too superficial. According to the myth, even though many men asked for her hand to marry her, she refused it all the time. However, when the Birdman came in wearing his magnificent parka and offered her a life of luxury, she could not resist. She got attracted to the Birdman by its looks and what he supposedly would give her instead of his feelings or personality.
Lastly, the lab results were evaluated using the Support Vector Machine for classification and the small-scale in-the-wild
DNA from the actual parents - Use these chromosomes to make a baby for the DNA profile. Sample D D 248 BP___TPOX #2 Pater. Chromo D 145 BP_D5
Since scientists found out the sequenced the human genome in 2003, a number of studies of genetics and genomics have greatly contributed to determining the multiple factors of how acute and chronic diseases develop and progress, such as cancer or cardiovascular disease. Cancer is no longer a single disease, which occurs combined with other different disease-causing factors. The sequencing of the human genome is a powerful tool to diagnose and treat disease in a medical environment. This rapid advance in genomes studies can help many people to prevent and to treat the gene-based diseases, and healthcare professionals also are urged to use this knowledge in practice. However, these advancements in genomics are accompanied by many legal, ethical,
The authors also waited until the very end of the article to discuss just how important DNA analysis was in saving people’s lives. Introducing this earlier in the article, to show the audience how DNA analysis could save or kill someone, would have made the readers keep this in mind and really be shocked at all of the mistakes Lifecode was making. Overall, this article was very good, but a few things could have been
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in men and the second in women worldwide,accounting for almost 10 % of all cases.{1,2} the USA and Europe have high rates compared to Africa and Asia.{3,4} Only in the United States, nearly 135,000 new cases diagnosed annually that about 50,000 people will die of the disease .{5, American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2015. Atlanta:American Cancer Society.2015 }In Iran CRC is the third most common cancer in women and the Fifth in men.{6} The biggest problem is the high ability of CRC to form secondary tumours, particularly in the lung and liver. Other complication connected to CRC is the high heterogeneity of the genetic and epigenetic changes among the individual
DNA in Forensic Science DNA is the carrier of genetic information in humans and other living organisms. It has become a very useful tool in forensic science since it was discovered. In forensic science, DNA testing is used to compare the genetic structure of two individuals to establish whether there is a genetic relationship between them. One example of the use of DNA in forensic science that is important in biology today is comparing a suspect’s DNA profile to DNA that was discovered at a crime scene.
DNA in forensic science The majority of cells making up the human body are diploid cells carrying identical DNA, with the exception of haploid gametes and red blood cells. Several types of biological evidence such as blood and hair are commonly used in forensic science, which is the scientific study of evidence for crime scene investigations and other legal matters. Forensic science is used for the purpose of DNA analysis, this is the analysis of DNA samples to determine if it came from a particular individual. DNA analysis is done by obtaining DNA samples from an individual; next, a large sample of DNA is produced from amplified selected sequences from the DNA collected.