Thermodynamics Lab Report

We concluded that the rate of hydrolysis of (CH3)3CCl is directly proportional to water content in the solvent mixture. Aims of experiment • Determine the rate constants for hydrolysis of (CH3)3CCl in solvent mixtures of different composition (50/50 V/V isopropanol/water and 40/60 V/V isopropanol/water) • Examine the effect of solvent mixture composition on the rate of hydrolysis of (CH3)3CCl Introduction With t-butyl chloride, (CH3)3CCl, being a tertiary halogenoalkane, it is predicted that (CH3)3CCl reacts with water in a nucleophilic substitution reaction (SN1 mechanism), where Step 1 is the rate-determining step. The reaction proceeds in a manner as shown

The goal of the experiment is to synthesize a bromohexane compound from 1-hexene and HBr(aq) under reflux conditions and use the silver nitrate and sodium iodide tests to determine if the product is a primary or secondary hydrocarbon. The heterogeneous reaction mixture contains 1-hexene, 48% HBr(aq), and tetrabutylammonium bromide and was heated to under reflux conditions. Heating under reflux means that the reaction mixture is heated at its boiling point so that the reaction can proceed at a faster rate. The attached reflux condenser allows volatile substances to return to the reaction flask so that no material is lost. Since alkenes are immiscible with concentrated HBr, tetrabutylammonium bromide is used as a phase-transfer catalyst.

In the next steps the density of water between 30-40 °C, 40-50 °C and 50-60 °C was measured. Then our results ρ vs T and also density vs temperature values given in the Steam Tables were plotted on the same graph in order to compare. In the second part the density of water was measured by density bottle. The densities obtained from the experiment are 995, 992.5, 991, 990 kg/m3 for the first part and

1. For the demo experiment, the balanced chemical equation is as follows: (NH4)2Cr2O7(s)=Cr2O3(s)+N2(g)+4H2O(g). After the lightning of Ammonium dichromate, Chromium (III) oxide was formed while the Nitrogen and Water escaped into the atmosphere in a gaseous phase. Ammonium dichromate((NH4)2Cr2O7) gave rise to Chromium (III) oxide (Cr2O3), Nitrogen Gas(N2) and water (H2O) In terms of microscopic level, the ratio between reactants and products is as follows. One mole of Ammonium dichromate will give rise to one mole of 1 mole of Chromium (III) oxide and 1 mole of Nitrogen gas and 4 moles of Water is gaseous phase.

The active ingredients in the alka seltzer tablet are “As the tablets dissolve, the sodium bicarbonate splits apart to form sodium and bicarbonate ions. The bicarbonate ions react with hydrogen ions from the citric acid to form carbon dioxide gas (and water). This is how the bubbles are made.”(Scientific American) These bubbles are representative of a chemical change and the resulting carbon dioxide should increase the water 's density. This may actually increase the volume of the water taking longer to boil, this difference may be minuscule, even negligible, but there 's a possibility for distinct change in results. This scientific American puts it best “For the reaction to occur,

Specifically, this investigation analyses how the initial temperature effects the rate of Hydrogen Peroxide oxidising Potential Acid Sulfate Soil. Only when a rapid reaction took place, PASS has been oxidised using Redox theory with the presence of pyrite or other sulphides to react. The hypothesis that the rate of oxidation is correlates with the initial temperature of the solution is true, with the theory being supported that the higher temperatures result in increased reaction speed. This lab test was conducted over two different depths of PASS, with three trials of five temperatures for each of the two depths. The first and most obvious form of evidence lays within the averaged pH levels over time.

This reaction was able to happen during designated lab time due to the fact that a phenol was used. Phenols or more reactive than unsubstitued benzene rings due to the presence of the alcohol on the benzene ring. The alcohol is considered an activating group due to the oxygen’s ability to donate its lone pairs into the benzene ring thus giving it more electrons and thus making it more nucleophilic and more likely to react with the introduced electrophilic species. As aforementioned, there are various products formed in this reaction the two major products formed though are the ortho and para products. It is debatable which product is more prominent due to steric reasons and the capability of each product to conduct in hydrogen bonding.

C is plotted and fitted to a logarithmic-line to illustrate the saturation effect, shown in Figure 1. Then using equation 12.8 in the lab manual, C/Y is calculated and plotted versus C and fitted to a straight line, shown in Figure 2. From the fitted line, Ymax, which is the maximum number of moles of acetic acid that can be adsorbed on the surface of the charcoal per gram of charcoal, can be calculated from the slope. Then, using Ymax and the value of the y-intercept, K, which is the ratio between the rate constant k1 of the forward reaction (adsorption on the charcoal) and the rate constant k-1 (detachment from the charcoal), can be determined. For calculations, refer to Appendix E. Finally, multiplying Ymax by Avagadro’s number will give the number of AA molecules adsorbed on the surface of one gram of charcoal at saturation.

It is presented as qsoln-q cal. Calorimeter heat change is equal to temperature change multiplied by the calorimeter heat capacity (Ccal). Experiments two and three both have negative heat neutralization for part 2 (NaOH and HCL) and (Mg and HCl), thus the temperature increases as the reaction moves from initial to final

The topic that the scientist has researched is the reaction rate of different particle sizes. In the experiment, the scientist will discover how the particle size of Alka Seltzer affects the rate of chemical reaction with water. The independent variable in the experiment is the particle size of the Alka Seltzer, while the dependent variable is the rate of reaction, or the volume of Carbon dioxide. The volume of carbon dioxide will be measured in ml. Also, a few of the constants in the experiment will be the amount of water, and amount of tablets.