Research Paper On Biodiesel

2. Biodiesel [1,2]

At the early of eighteenth century, a novel diesel engine developed by Rudolf Diesel, a famous inventor, who first introduced peanut oil as alternative source to run on diesel engine in 1823 and widely use as the emergency fuel from time to times. However, the drawbacks from vegetable oils uses including fuel costs, shortages and effects on the engine efficiency in several properties were considered. In 1937, Belgian inventor who purposed a chemical process that can convert vegetable oils into fatty acid alkyl esters form, known as Biodiesel.

Biodiesel (Fatty acid methyl esters - FAME) derived from triglycerides conversion into methyl or ethyl esters forms via transesterification process which is a reaction of fat or oil

In term of vegetable oil, it can be classified into two main types are edible and non-edible oil, but due to the main concern about crop prices of edible vegetable oil which higher than pure diesel fuel. Non-edible vegetable oil becomes more feasible to serves as biodiesel feedstocks corresponding to less amount of sulphur, renewables, cheap, yield acceptable biofuel production, can cultivate in non-cropped land and provides opportunities for poverty countries. Apart from vegetable oil, fats that obtained from animal such as lard, tallow, poultry fats and fish gives benefit on providing high cetane number, clean, renewables and support in term of rising economy prices. Nevertheless, the disposal of waste animal fats and the limited availability are considered. The last group is referring to bacteria, algae, fungi, tarpenes, latexes, cooking oil and micro-algae. These sources of feedstocks seem to have potential in order to solve waste problems by recycle wasted oil and grease products while the challenges of this group are waste disposal

Palmitic (C16), stearic (C18:0), oleic cis-9- (C18:1) and linoleic cis-9, cis-12- (C18:2) are the most commonly presence. Other fatty acids such as palmitoleic (C16:1), arichidic (C18:1), linolenic (C18:3) and octadecatetraonic (C18:4) also found in the samples. Whereas lauric (C12:0) in coconut, babassu, bay laurel leaf, Cuphea Giscosissima with 48.8%, 48%, 26.5% and 4.81% WT respectively. For myristoleic (C14:1) and eicosenoic (C20:1), both are presence only in beef tallow, choice white, poultry fat and yellow grease except camelina oil that presence only eicosenoic (C20:1) while none of myristoleic (C14:1) is found. While behnic (C22:0), erucle (C22:1) and lignoceric (C24:1) are found in relative low amount detected. Moreover, in the same type of vegetable oil feedstocks such as cottonseed, tobacco, rapeseed, sunflower or linseed yield different type of fatty maybe due to several of sample that have been taken. And in Table 6 and Table 7 illustrates the fatty acid composition with different methyl ester tested on seventy-five plant samples indicated that Jatropa cucas Linn, Calophyllum inophyllum Linn, Azadirachta indica and Pongamia pinnata Lam are the most possible feedstocks for