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Canna Indica

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1. Introduction
The continuous influx of waste water effluents polluted with heavy metals into fresh water bodies culminates in severe contamination of water and soil. Of these heavy metals chromium (Cr) is one of the most severe and high-risk pollutants that threaten flora and fauna with effects that last for a lifetime. Several industries such as dye production, leather tanning, anodizing of aluminum, cooling towers, electroplating and steel production use Cr at different stages of their manufacturing cycle (Darrie, 2001; Banks et al., 2006).
Generally Cr occurs in different oxidation states from -2 to +6; However, the most common species are Cr(III) and Cr(VI). These two species of Cr prevail in the environment with different physiochemical …show more content…

that grows in damp edges of open sewage drains and water bodies. The roots are tuberous, the plants are perennial and highly tolerant to varied conditions. Canna indica L. is selected for the present study, since it produces a large biomass with robust rhizomes that are suitable for accumulation of heavy metals. The TF and BCF were also estimated to establish the potential of the plant for phytoextraction of heavy metals.

Advantages and limitations of phytoremediation techniques
 Advantages:
• Environmentally friendly, cost-effective and aesthetically pleasing
• Metals absorbed by the plants may be extracted from harvested plant biomass.
• May reduce the entry of contaminants into the environment by preventing their leakage into the groundwater …show more content…

Gosh, M. and Singh, S.P., 2005, a comparative study of cadmium phytoremediation by accumulator and weed species, Environmental pollution.,133, 365-371
7. Blaylock, M., Salt, D., Dushenkov, S., Zakharova, O., Gussman, C., Kapulnik, Y., Ensley, B. and Raskin, I., 1997, Enhanced accumulation of Pb in Indian Mustard by soil applied chelating agents, Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 860-865.
8. Lehmann, J., Rillig, M. C., Thies, J., Masiello, C. A., Hockaday, W.C., and Crowley, D.: Biochar effects on soil biota. A review, Soil Biol. Biochem., 43, 1812—1836, 2011.

9. Paz—Ferreiro, J., Fu, 8., Mendez, A., and Gasco, G.: Interactive effects of biochar and the earhworm Pontoscolex corethrurus on plant productivity and soil enzymes activities, J. Soils Sediments,doi:10.1007/sl1368—013-0806—z, in press, 2014. 10. Chatterjee, S., Lim, S.-R., Woo,S.H., 2010. Removal of reactive blank 5 zero-valent iron modified with various surfactants. Chem. Eng. J. 160, 27-32.
11. Liu, T., Wang, Z.-L., Zhao, L., Yang, X., 2012. Enhanced chitosan/Fe⁰ - nanoparticles beads for hexavalent chromium removal from wastewater. Chem. Eng. J.189-190, 196-202.
12. Zhang, W.X., 2003. Nanoscale iron particles for environmental remediation : an overview.J. Nanopart. Res. 5,

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