Advantages And Disadvantages Of Paracetamol
All manufacture of paracetamol follows PNCB process route. Manufacturers of paracetamol in India use
PNCB route and iron / hydrogen reduction to obtain Para amino phenol (PAP), an intermediate for paracetamol. Chlorobenzene with hydrolysis is carried out by the reaction of 9% caustic soda solution with pnitrochlorobenzene. The reaction mass is filtered and with appropriate process control and proper design of the reactor, the yields are optimized, leading into lower requirement of inputs and production of lower quantities of effluent. The sodium salt of p-nitrophenol is treated with concentrated sulphuric acid at 35-45°C. p-Nitrophenol is filtered. With proper filtration and water wash, alkaline liquor trapped into sodium salt of p-nitrophenol is minimized and consumption of sulphuric acid for neutralization is reduced. The dissolved salts content in the acidic effluent is decreased. p-Nitrophenol is reduced with iron at 90-100°C temperature in wooden vat. The temperature increases via direct steam injection. On finishing of reduction, water is added to reaction mass, iron sludge is eliminated by filtration and the filtrate is left to be cooled to 15°C p-Aminophenol is filtered and the filtrate is collected. This filtrate containing p-aminophenol is re-used in the reduction step 4-5 times before being eliminated as wastewater. The design of the reduction vessel along with suitable stirring speed causes the improvement of the product. The iron sludge makes iron oxide for red
Procion Red Dye Lab Report
1454 Words | 6 PagesFor this lab, zeolite and magnetized zeolite were synthesized and compared with charcoal to find out with would be the most effective in the sequestering of Procion Red dye. Finding the concentration and absorbance of each zeolite, magnetized zeolite, and charcoal, along with a calibration curve, the best adsorbent is determined. Charcoal was the overall best sequestration of the Procion Red dye, since the adsorbent was highest compared to the others. Introduction Pollution has increased in the environment over the years, so the purpose of this experiment is to find the best adsorbent of chemicals to reduce the pollution.
Adderall Pros And Cons
1335 Words | 6 PagesAdderall is a combination of amphetamine and dextroamphetamine, central nervous system stimulants that affect chemicals in the brain and nerves that contribute to focus and other behaviors. Adderall is often prescribed to those diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, also known as ADHD, and other brain disorders. Although the prescribed use of Adderall has helped those suffering attention deficit disorders, the recent rise in nonmedical use of Adderall has led to unfair academic advantages along with an increased pressure to use stimulants among students. Adderall is easily accessible on university campuses due to the lenient health care clinicians and the fact that one can find a person with a prescription willing to sell their pills or even give them away which has created a black market for the drug on campuses. College students are able to bypass psychiatrists and more stringent testing by going to the campus health clinic for an ADHD misdiagnosis (Stolz 2).
Hydrolysis Of T-Butyl Chloride Lab Report
1766 Words | 8 PagesAbstract In this experiment, the reaction kinetics of the hydrolysis of t-butyl chloride, (CH3)3CCl, was studied. The experiment was to determine the rate constant of the reaction, as well as the effects of solvent composition on the rate of reaction. A 50/50 V/V isopropanol/water solvent mixture was prepared and 1cm3 of (CH3)3CCl was added. At specific instances, aliquots of the reaction mixture were withdrawn and quenched with acetone.
Dehydration Of 2-Methylcyclohexanol Lab Report
967 Words | 4 PagesDehydration of 2-Methylcyclohexanol Sura Abedali Wednesday 2:00 PM January 31, 2018 Introduction: Dehydration reactions are important processes to convert alcohols into alkenes. It is a type of elimination reaction that removes an “-OH” group from one carbon molecule and a hydrogen from a neighboring carbon, thus releasing them as a water molecule (H2O) and forming a pi bond between the two carbons1. In this experiment, 2-methylcyclohexanol undergoes dehydration to form three possible products: methylenecylcohexane, 1-methylcyclohexene, and 3-methylcyclohexene in a Hickman still apparatus. Adding 85% Phosphoric Acid to protonates the “-OH” group, turning it into a better leaving group and initiating the dehydration reaction.
Tetraphenylnaphthalene Lab Report
779 Words | 4 PagesBenzyne Formation and the Diels-Alder Reaction Preparation of 1,2,3,4 Tetraphenylnaphthalene Aubree Edwards Purpose: 1,2,3,4-tetraphenylnaphthalene is prepared by first producing benzyne via the unstable diazonium salt. Then tetraphenylcyclopentadienone and benzyne undergo a diels-alder reaction to create 1,2,3,4-tetraphenylnaphthalene. Reactions: Procedure: The reaction mixture was created. Tetraphenylcyclopentadienone (0.1197g, 0.3113 mmol) a black solid powder, anthranilic acid ( 0.0482g, 0.3516 mmol) a yellowish sand, and 1,2-dimethoxyethane (1.2 ml) was added to a 5-ml conical vial.
Benzocaine Synthesis Lab Report
536 Words | 3 PagesIn the round-bottom flask (100 mL), we placed p-aminobenzoic acid (1.2 g) and ethanol (12 mL). We swirled the mixture until the solid dissolved completely. We used Pasteur pipet to add concentrated sulfuric acid (1.0 mL) to the flask. We added boiling stone and assembled the reflux. Then, we did reflux for 75 minutes.
The Pros And Cons Of Fentanyl
317 Words | 2 PagesWhen OxyContin went off the market in 2012, a new drug came to raise, Fentanyl. Fentanyl is a potent, fast acting, synthetic pain killer; its potency is 100 times greater than morphine and about 50 times greater than heroin (FISCHER, 2016). It was marketed to cancer patients and those In severe chronic pain. Fentanyl was created by a company called Insys Therapeutics, INC. This drug is beginning to take Canada by storm, with its potency overdoses and deaths are happening across the country, it is almost impossible to turn of the news without the mention of this drug.
9-Fluorenone Lab Report
382 Words | 2 PagesThe purpose of this experiment was to learn about metal hydride reduction reactions. Therefore, the sodium borohydride reduction of the ketone, 9-fluorenone was performed to yield the secondary alcohol, 9-fluorenol. Reduction of an organic molecule usually corresponds to decreasing its oxygen content or increasing its hydrogen content. In order to achieve such a chemical change, sodium borohydride (NaBH4) is used as a reducing agent. There are other metal hydrides used in the reduction of carbonyl groups such as lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4).
Phenacetin Synthesis
424 Words | 2 PagesThe main objective of this experiment was the formation of phenacetin from the synthesis of acetaminophen. This was done through a chemical reaction known as the Williamson ether synthesis using techniques of refluxing, vacuum filtration and recrystallization incorporating a mixed solvent system. A further objective of this experiment was to study the formation of the product (phenacetin). Such validation was completed by using techniques for determining the melting point, calculating percent yield, and IR (infrared spectroscopy) of the resultant product.
6.03 Chemistry Lab
289 Words | 2 PagesDrops of the Methanol were then added to each flask until the crude caffeine had completely dissolved. 13. The solution was then filtered and the residue collected in a filter paper. It was left to dry and
Pros And Cons Of Over The Counter Drugs
1254 Words | 6 PagesOver the counter drugs are medicines sold directly to a consumer and do not require the prescription of a registered medical practioner. So they are also known as non prescription drugs. This is a serious and growing global health challenge. Some OTC medicines relieves aches, pain and itches. Some prevent or cure diseases like tooth decay and athletes foot.
Michaelis Menten Model Lab Report
943 Words | 4 PagesThe results in this experiment were used to study the effects of enzyme concentration, inhibitor presence and substrate concentration in a biochemical reaction. The enzyme and substrate concentrations were calculated in part 1 along with the Vmax, Km and Ki in part 2 to understand the influence of these factors on the hydrolysis reaction of 4-nitrophenylphosphate and biochemical reactions in general
Acid Base Neutralization Lab Report
1001 Words | 5 PagesUpon cooling, it was shaken until no bubbles were formed. 20 mL of each brand of soft drinks was titrated with NaOH solution. 3 drops of phenolphthalein was used as an indicator if it has already completely reacted. The acidity can then be calculated referring on the known concentration and volume of base; and the known volume of acid.
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Pharmacotherapy
1727 Words | 7 PagesDISCUSSION From the beginning, the therapist had to deal with own doubts and anxiety. The therapist had heard a lot about the psychodynamic psychotherapy but this was the first time he conduct the sessions by himself. Unlike pharmacotherapy, there is no standard clinical practice guideline or recommendation for the therapist to refer to or follow. The therapist was worried that he was unable to conduct the therapy effectively and his patient would not benefit from the therapy.
Gas Chromatography In Alcoholic Beverages Lab Report
967 Words | 4 PagesThis method which uses an internal standard and flame ionisation detector, is exact and more specific than methods usually used. The gas-liquid chromatography method determines ethanol clearly and separately from the other beverage components that would have interfered in other methods, without any distillation or need for a chemical reaction. Determination of ethanol is one of the most vital routine analysis in a current winery. This method provides frequent, rapid and accurate results are needed to regulate the quality of the wine from grape to bottle, as well as for state and federal government
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