The Competitive Advantage of Nations
Competitive advantage is a business concept which describes to us the characteristics necessary that allow an organisations to outperform its competitors. This can be achieved through many avenues such as providing consumers with greater value by either lowering prices or providing a product or services that justifies a higher cost .Prevailing attitude on this subject matter would suggest that factors like labour cost, interest and exchange rates and economies of scale are principal factors in determining national success. However, we learn from Porters article that real Competitive Advantage is developed by innovation applied to the Diamond Model or The Diamond of National Advantage, which in essence are four characteristics that both individually and as a system collectively form the Diamond of Nations. These Characteristics are: Factor conditions, demand conditions, related and supported industries firm strategy, structure and rivalry.
Factor Conditions:
This is a nation’s position on factors of production such as skilled labour force or infrastructure that is necessary in order to compete in a given industry. Porter however believes that it is important to go beyond the traditional factors of production in that the most important factors were not
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The arrival of industry often motivates local supplies to develop and innovate in order to meet that industries production, marketing and distribution needs. Competition among local suppliers leads to lower prices and high quality products which then in turn strengths an industries competitive advantage in world markets. An example of this would be Hollywood in the film industry and its success due to the local availability of specialist input suppliers like special effect firms, casting directors, costume and set designers and stunt
The adoption of new technologies and trends is being facilitated in the industry for the competition and the customer’s overall experience. Many suppliers that are having similar strategies face a strong competition. The barriers for exiting the markets are high. Products and services of are undifferentiated leading the customer to focus on the prices offered. Low market growth, so it can be increased only by taking another firm’s market share.
Each of the forces is determined how competitive in that industry as well as the structure of the industry. Porter’s five forces factors are consists of competitive rivalry, the threat of new entrants, the threat of substitutes, bargaining power from
These suppliers are concentrated in Jakarta and can be purchased from for just-in-time procurement. The number of suppliers of this input is high as these materials can be procured from foreign suppliers as well. The cost of switching to another supplier is low and therefore, suppliers of this degree have little bargaining power. However, businesses in the mattress industry compete on technological superiority.
This theory is based on the concept that there are five forces that determine the competitive intensity and attractiveness of a market. Porter 's five forces help to identify where power lies in a business situation. This is useful both in understanding the strength of an organization 's current competitive position, and the strength of a position that an organization may look to move into. Strategic analysts often use Porter’s five forces to understand whether new products or services are potentially profitable. By understanding where power lies, the theory can also be used to identify areas of strength, to improve weaknesses and to avoid mistakes.
To do this it needs to have a competitive advantage over its its rivals. A competitive advantage is something a company does better than its rivals that gives it an advantage over its rival. Porter (1988) states that a firm performs many activities that can contribute to a firms relative cost position and create a basis for differentiation which can create a cost advantage that gives a firm a competitive advantage over its competitors. A company’s competitive advantage and competitive strategy are both interrelated. Competitive strategy is defined by Porter (1980) as a broad formula for how a business is going to compete, what its goals should be, and what policies will be needed to carry out those goals.
Porter’s five forces interact to shape the competitive landscape facing port authorities and port service providers. The 5 forces are stated below; 1. The rivalry among existing competitors 2. The threat of new competitors 3. The potential for global substitutes 4.
Geographic segmentation calls for dividing the market into different geographical units such as regions, cities, or neighborhood. Coca-Cola has a countrywide network of product distribution but the company segments more in urban and suburban areas as compared to rural areas. 1.2. Demographic segmentation In demographic segmentation, the market is divided into groups on the basis of variables such as age, family life cycle, gender, income, occupation, education, religion, race, generation, nationality, and social class. Demographic variables are the most popular base of Coca-Cola Company for distinguishing their customer groups.
(Apple computer,inc 2003) Porter 's single diamond framework holds that a multinational enterprise builds on a home base to achieve international competitiveness. (Alan M. Rugman 1993) this Porter’s Diamond Model established by
Threat of Substitutes 4. Bargaining Power of Buyers 5. Power vested by Suppliers 1. Competitive Rivalry: According to Porter the competitiveness in any sector is significantly increased by the number of players operating in the field and their major competencies.
Multinational corporations can be defined as enterprises operating in several countries but are managed from their home country. Generally, any company that acquires a quarter of its revenue from operations outside of its home country is considered to be a multinational corporation. Today the multinational corporations have a radical effect on the economic system all over the world. This is due to the growth of international business of the multinationals, which has tremendous effect on the traditional forms of international trade and capital flows for economies at large. In the world economy they create a powerful force.
5.3 Country position and attractiveness According to Porter (1990), the level of competitiveness on a country depends on the capacity of the industry and the skills to upgrade and innovate. The competitive advantage is produced and sustained on the differences in values, economics structures, culture, institutions, history, and other factors that contribute to competitive success. Therefore, companies as well as nations have to fight for a position on the market as centers of production or industrialization of products.
Porter. This analysis is used to measure the level of competition of the company in same industry. Abundant of economic studies stated that different industries can survive at different profitability level, the difference is explained by industry structure ("Porter 's Five Forces," n.d.). In other words, this model identifies industry structure based on the varied profit margins between industries, to help the company determines corporate strategy ("Industry Analysis | Porter’s Five Forces | Competition," 2014). The objective in this analysis is to help managers determine profitability and attractiveness of an industry (Investopedia, n.d.).
Pizza Hut was established by Dan and Frank Carney in Wichita, Kansas, USA in the year 1958. Pizza Hut Inc. is one of the prevalent pizza companies worldwide. It was a subsidiary of Pepsi Co Inc. from the year 1977 – 1997. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of YUM! Brands since 1997 to present.
This chapter discusses the review of relevant literature. As part of this research, which includes articles seminar paper, newspapers , textbooks , etc. The review materials are grouped under the following headings 1.
Therefore, new entrants have to ensure that they have ample financial resource to sustain in this industry. 3.2.2 Bargaining power of suppliers (high bargaining power of suppliers) Telecommunications industry in Malaysia is dependent on imports for the majority of its network components as