CHAPTER I
Background and Purpose
1.1. Introduction
For a long time, translation has been a controversial issue on whether it can be an instructional tool in language learning classrooms or not. From the beginning of the twentieth century, there has been several arguments against using translation as a language teaching tool. Translation as a language learning activity was considered as being unsuitable within the context of foreign language learning (Brown, 2002). It was also criticized by Newson (1988), Carreres (2006), Marsh (1987), and Owen (2003). They have presented some disadvantages of using translation as an instructional tool in language classrooms. From an opposite perspective, translation, misconceived and overused, could be seen as a victim of the grammar- translation method (GTM), rather than the source of its evils. The problem was not as such, but a teaching methodology that separated language from its communicative function. (Mogahed, 2011). In fact, translation itself as it takes place in the real life has a direct relationship with communicative purposes. As Duff (1989:6) maintains, "translation happens everywhere, all the time, so why not in the classroom?" Confusion is at times made between “translation” and L1. Although these two terms are often seen as synonymous they are not the same thing as they involve different skills and strategies as also acknowledged by González-Davies –Scott-Tennent (2009) (Leonardi, 2011). These terms are not interchangeable
There are lots of opinions created by one another about languages, whether it be personal or based by society. Martin Espada and Richard Rodriguez have a big part on being bilingual and forming two different opinions and arguments. Being bilingual to Espada is having an Identity, love, and connecting to your heritage. However; for Rodriguez it’s something different.
As I mentioned before, I hardly ever spoke in English at the classes. On the other hand, teachers required to read English sentences a lot. I think Grammar Translation method is necessary to establish grammar skill which is created by declarative memory. However, students do not have any chance to speak in English, so they would not be able to pronounce.
In addition, research shows students are doing better when they are in bilingual programs. Pac (2012) writes “Facilitating instruction in both heritage languages and English, bilingual education specifically improved language minorities’ educational access, self-esteem, and personal and professional achievements” (Pac 2012, p.195). Students feel more comfortable when they are studying in the environment with their peers who are in the same English level, and they are more willing to practice in the class. However, when emergent bilinguals have to speak with unfamiliar language in the class, students will feel shame to ask questions because they will think other students will laugh at them since they are the only one who does not understand questions, which make them have lower self-esteem.
The United States is the most diverse nation in the world. It is full of people from all over the world. The United States is made up of all different cultures and languages. In order to promote this diversity foreign language has begun to be taught in school throughout American society. Some main reasons that foreign language should be taught in schools are foreign language study creates a less prejudiced attitudes and behaviors toward people who are different, it enhances opportunities in life, and the United States needs to prepare for changes in American society with the increase in immigration.
A translator may subject him-/herself either to the original text, with the norms it has realized, or to the norms active in the target culture, or in that section of it which would host the end product. Translation is a complicated task, during which the meaning of the source-language text should be conveyed to the target-language readers. In other words, translation can be defined as encoding the meaning and form in the target language by means of the decoded meaning and form of the source language. Different theorists state various definitions for translation.
Based on the information previously presented about early sequential bilingual education, there are some strategies and materials that foster second language acquisition in the early years and will be depicted below. These strategies include songs, flash cards, videos, games, and stories which serve as a tool to engage students, boost their motivation, creativity and curiosity, and well as to practice the vocabulary previously learned. To begin with, some authors explain the importance of implementing songs in the bilingual classroom. According to Murphey (1992), songs are tools that help teachers foster and improve their students' knowledge, this is due to a phenomenon called “The song stuck in my head”, this is a phenomenon that is compounded
Learning from the error which occurs during translation process is one of the way to improve our translation skill. Therefore, this error analysis is coincided with the objective of ‘Directed Translation 2’ class, which was the class that the translational errors took place. The source of the translation is ‘Bird by Bird’, a book by Anne Lamott. It is a documentary book, guides on how to write a book using the author’s experience as a reference. And since the author is American, her experiences that she conveyed also show us about American cultural.
ZhiJie Xue Instructor: Sita Patel LCD 103 14 March 2018 Bilingual Education is a necessity to LEP student We are in a society that is diverse in cultures, origin backgrounds and noticeably in languages. America is a country of immigrants, and the increasing population of new-coming people brings this diversity into society’s attention. The main issue concerned by most immigrants is the education that they and their younger generation will receive in America.
Ghazala (1995: 17) argued that a translation problem is any difficulty which makes us stop translating to think about it. It is when the translator cannot render the source text into the target language easily; without checking his dictionaries, monolingual or bilingual, or making a lot efforts to retrieve, exploit his linguistic and cultural knowledge, in addition to his life experiences. Translation problems confronted almost all the times by translators can be of multiple causes; it can be grammatical, lexical, stylistic, phonological and cultural. 4.1. Grammatical Problems Before we explain grammatical problems in translation, let’s consider the following example: "Of the three books you have recommended to me, I have chosen one".
Being bilingual, or speaking another language besides your native language has many benefits. While it is difficult for many people to learn a second language, the pros out way the cons for many people. People who know a second language have an advantage in the workplace. While there are translators, it would be beneficial to not have to rely on one.
Being bilingual has got many advantages. It has been debated that bilingualism has multiple advantages such as cognitive, cultural, academic benefits as well. Cognitive benefit reveals that being bilingual help to facilitate human brain. People who are bilingual have two language systems which are working simultaneously. These systems don’t create hindrance in individual’s performance and ensure brain’s functioning of both cognitive aspects (Bialystok, 1999).
There are so many different approaches and methods that go into the practice of second language teaching. But the teacher and the learner will think about which method is the best decision. This paper observes of the three methods which are the Grammar-Translation Method, Audio-lingual method, and Total Physical Responses method. The majority of research on methods will describe briefly about the merits and demerits as well as principle.
Learning a foreign language in elementary school is beneficial because it helps students build a better academic structure. For example, a study in Louisiana showed showed that third and fifth graders who were taught a foreign language scored significantly higher on their Louisiana Basic skill test, than the students who did not take foreign language course (National Education Association). This proves that incorporating a foreign language in an elementary school will help improve the school's test state test scores.
Most population of the world is bilingual or multilingual with monolingual speakers in the minority. I begin saying that the two languages of a bilingual person differ not only in their lexical and grammatical repertories for expressing and describing emotions but also in the sets of emotional scripts regulating emotional talk. Language is not just a tool or an instrument for expressing someone s feelings that could be equally well expressed in other language. The degree of proficiency that bilingual speakers achieve in their two languages depends largely on the opportunities they have to use each of them.
English as a global language We can’t deny that English has become an international language for communication between all mankind , it is the common language between most of the countries , English is a global language which is spoken as a native language and a second language in most of the countries , and we noticed that people who use English as a second language are way more than people who speak it as a native language , it is taught in every country in this world , it is using as a medium language of understanding between the teacher and the learner , you can see it in banks , supermarkets , in road signs and in international web pages, it is the language that you see and hear every day, so speaking English become a must , also we can’t ignore the fact that English is the language of global communication at medical , tourism , trade and other elements of language use , So English is so important in our various lives aspects. So in this essay I am going to discuss the reasons of how English become a global language and is it a good or bad thing? and what is the advantages and did advantages of spreading of English? There is a lot of reasons that helped to make English a global language and one of the most important reasons is policy , the west colonization for the countries had helped English to spread and distribute by imposing the language and the west culture on the colony countries , so we can say it is all because of the strength that the west had on the world