Background/Objectives: Steel-concrete composite system of construction has widely accepted all over the world as an novel, alternate and additional method of construction over the existing conventional pure steel and concrete construction. In India, this new concept is under the verge of popularity and also most of the building structures were built as low rise buildings. Composite construction combines dynamic properties of steel and concrete at its maximum extent to provide appreciably a greater strength and stability for the framed structures. The major objective of this paper is to compare a framed structure made by Reinforced cement concrete and Composite material located in earthquake zone of …show more content…
On comparison of the framed structures, the R.C.C structure imposes more dead load and carry higher bending moment. From the analysis results, its clearly shows that the inter storey drift for composite structure is comparatively more than RCC structure in both transverse and longitudinal direction but are accepted to be in desired (permissible) limits. It has been found from the study that use of composite members in construction is more effective and economic than using reinforced concrete members. The overall performance of manufacturing and construction techniques is improved to higher extent by the usage of composite materials in construction.
Applications/Improvements: Composite structures are found to be the best mode of construction for high-rise building while comparing with the conventional R.C.C structures as they serve well for various parameters like deflection, stiffness, story drift and lesser dead weight.
Keywords: Composite, R.C.C, seismic response, high-rise structures, shear
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Many structural engineers in indian scenario are not welcoming the use of steel-concrete composite buildings because of its unfamiliarity, lack of awareness and its analysis and design seems to be little complex6. But literature quotes that if proper configuration is adopted, then steel-concrete composite structures can provide effective and economical systems of structural frame with greater stability & durability, rapid erection and effective seismic performance characteristics7. The real attraction of composite construction is based on having an effective connection between structural steel and reinforced concrete, and it is this connection that allows a transfer of forces and gives composite members their unique
Cabramatta is the suburb at south west,30km away from Sydney CBD. With the total area of 22 reactors and most of the area has a distance of 400 meter from the train station. For about 30000 years, Cabramatta was the place for Aboriginal from the Gandangera until developing of the railway at the 1850s makes the suburb connected to the CBD.Cabramatta was a rural community until the 1950s when migrant hostel and housing commission developed it into a city.
Concrete, or more specifically ready-mix concrete, is a common material for driveways and walkways. While it works well and is usually quicker to pour, it is prone to some issues. Discoloration, flaking, and crumbling are all pitfalls of ready-mix concrete. Fortunately, these pitfalls can easily be avoided. If you have recently had your driveway or walkway poured with ready-mix concrete, use these four tips to help it keep it looking beautiful and healthy for years to come: 1.
The meaning of the Pell grant is to help economically disadvantaged students received a higher education by reducing the burden of the tuition and fee costs, and thereby, increase college participation. However, these good intentions of the Pell grant have caused one profound and unplanned consequence; which is the contribution to growing tuition cost for public and private colleges and universities. Supply and demand are the basic concepts of economics, so it’s no surprise that the increasing demand for higher education brought on by the Pell grant will have the consequence of rising tuition. More importantly, though, when Pell grants are used to pay for college, students are not as concerned with the cost as they would be if they were paying from their own pocket. As a result, the law of demand
Normally OSHA citations are mailed to the company within several days up to a few weeks after the closing conference. All OSHA citations must be issued to the employer within six months of the start of the inspection. After the employer has received the citation(s), the employer must post a copy in a noticeable place near each cited hazard. The citation(s) must be posted until the violations are abated or for three working days, whichever is longer. Each cited hazard is required to have all documents related to the abatement plan posted with the citation(s).
An open primary is when all register voters can vote, all the opposite of a closed primary, in which the party members are the unique that can take part of the voting. An open primary is an open secret ballot in which voters can participate in either the Democratic or Republican parties, without necessarily enjoying political affiliation in which they are registered. All registered voters can vote, regardless of which party they have registered. The end results of the voting will be determine which nominee the delegates will support.
The Industrial Revolution took place from the late 18th to mid 19th century. It was a time during which rural societies in Europe and America became urbanized and industrialized. Preceding the Industrial Revolution, manufacturing was mostly done in people’s homes, using handtools and simple machines. Industrialization was characterized by powered, specialized machinery, factories and mass production. Most notably, during the Industrial revolution, iron and textile industries boomed, the steam engine was developed, and improved systems of transportation, communication and banking arose (Calvert 5).
The selection of ASTM A706 reinforcement bars were based on the recommendations of ACI 318-11 Code Section 21.1.5.2. The longitudinal mild steel reinforcement bars were extended in the entire column height (i.e., 104 in.). The longitudinal mild steel reinforcement bars
Benefits of properly performed Windshield Repair & Replacement Most of the car owners prefer windshield repair instead of windshield replacement, though the repair would not help if the condition of the auto glass is unfit. The major reason behind the owner 's preference of settling down with windshield repair is due to the high-priced replacement services. Nevertheless, preference would not help here as windshield plays a very crucial role in protecting you and your family from various sources of dangers like dust, pollution and many other outside materials. Moreover, a quality windshield is substantive for many safety restraints in an automobile like an air bag.
Super maximum prisons facilities are commonly known for their highly secured facilities that house the most horrible offenders who have committed the most monstrous crimes. Most offenders are serving multiple life sentences and spend their time in seclusion. The inmates are housed in individual rooms and placed on 23 hour lock down with minimal interaction with anyone. Thinking of the types of offenses the inmates committed leads many to believe that there are pros to having these facilities. However, many others believe that because of the severity of the seclusion the cons can perceived as cruel and unusual punishment.
It can be said that natural fibres has less of an effect on the earth and the economy than synthetic fibres, however there are pros and cons to everything. We look at natural fibres as being more natural and safer, we see it as making less of an effect on the earth and the economy and we see it as reducing our carbon foot print, however we often miss steps. We don’t look at what has to be done in order to get that product from the raw materials to the final product. There are pros and cons to both synthetic fibres and natural fibres.
I had first formal exposure to civil engineering in course “Architecture 1”. This course provided me the fundamental concepts of civil architectural principles such as designing procedure, architectural component’s layouts, functional spaces as well as environmental impacts. To strengthen my concepts I pursued the courses “Strength of Materials”, “Structural Mechanics” which gave me essential knowledge about the external and internal forces occuring in simple structural elements under action of various types of loading as well as fundamental concepts in structural analysis such as modellisation, classification of structures. I gained valuable exposure to the analysis of simple structures submitted to compound loadings by the application of the principle of superposition for such cases as: unsymmetric bending, combined bending and tension or compression, combined bending and torsion, general compound loading. Futhermore, I was fascinated by the force method and displacement method for analysis of statically and kinetically indeterminate structures.
Sustainable construction is the creation and responsible management of a healthy built environment based on resource efficient and ecological principles. Creating and operating buildings are matters that account for about 40% of global annual energy consumption, and therefore, an important aspect of sustainable construction is to become market responsive, and integrate the supply chain while minimizing waste. The whole process of construction would therefore engage all stakeholders of the construction industry. Concerns and Difficulties of Sustainable Construction Three issues are of utmost concern while abiding by the philosophy of sustainable construction: • Different building projects are made for different purposes. Depending on the purpose of the building, the actual effect of the sustainability practices adopted may vary at different stages of construction and use.
Everywhere we go we see many different types of building constructions. Throughout the years construction workers have been finding new ways how to make an incredible structures or households. We are seeing new configurations on buildings that look very nice, especially the fancy hotels. Although many firefighters have been keeping a close eye how construction workers are constructing a building. Many firefighters have lost their lives because of building collapse or because the building losts it 's intergrity.
Though the topic is very vast, so all minor facts and points are not possible to be covered. LIST OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. TYPES OF BRIDGES 2.1 BASED ON STRUCTURE 2.1.1 BEAM BRIDGE 2.1.2 TRUSS BRIDGE 2.1.3 CANTILEVER BRIDGE 2.1.4 ARCH
Cracks are expected at intervals in this slab (Usually .90 to 1.2m) and are held together with structural steel. Appropriate spacing between cracks must be determined in order for this method to work. Continuously reinforced roads can sometimes be more expensive than the other two methods due to the higher quality of steel used in its construction, however this can be lowered by the reduced amount of cement used in the concrete mixture due to the thinner layer of concrete in comparison with the other two methods. With proper management, this method can be similar to the other two in terms of durability and cost