Sodium Fluoride Lab Report

Afterward, filter this solution to obtain the calcium carbonate. Finally, heat the calcium carbonate at 248 degrees Fahrenheit to dry it out. Heat the calcium carbonate to 1,832 degrees Fahrenheit to get CaO. The following equation shows this reaction: CaCO3 -> CaO + CO2. Store the lime into a closed container and add aluminum.

A separatory funnel is attached to the clamp stand with a conical flask below as a receiving flask for the unwanted solution. The separatory funnel works by adding a solution to the mixture and blocking the top with a bung. Then turning the funnel upside down and right way around combines the mixture and the solution aiding in separating the ester from the aqueous layer. The aqueous layer is then removed/released by turning the head of the funnel. The bung must be removed at this stage as Carbon Dioxide is released.

A small amount of suspended material may render the solution cloudy. 3. Filter the hot solution and rinse the used filter paper with 2-5 mL hot water. 4. Cool the filtrate to room temperature, add 1.5 g of sodium nitrite, and stir until reaction is complete.

The two solvents were added to the funnel, and the funnel was capped and the stopcock was closed to avoid spilling of solution. The funnel was then turned over several times for several minutes to let the aqueous and organic layer make contact by increasing surface area of reaction. The stopcock was periodically opened to relieve the air pressure that built up due to gaseous products formed by the reactions. In the first step, HCl was added to the ethyl acetate, which protonated the organic base, forming the base’s conjugate acid, which was polar and hence soluble in the aqueous solution. The aqueous layer was drained, and NaOH was added to neutralize the solution, and deprotonate the conjugate acid to reform the original base, which, as an organic base, was mostly insoluble in an aqueous solution, and precipitated out.

On a glass slide, 1 drop of distilled water was placed. Then, a loop-full of culture was transferred on the slide and it must be spread. It is then allowed to dry. Then, the smear must be heat fixed by exposing it to flame for few times until it got fixed. It is to prevent the cell from washing away during the staining and washing process.

Leaves containing water-soluble elements were boiled and turned from the solid phase into the liquid phase, boiling water. The calcium carbonate was added to form insoluble calcium salts with the tannins and gallic acid so that after vacuum filtration they would be removed. The sodium chloride salt was added after the vacuum filtration in order to raise the polarity of the water, making less amount of molecules soluble in it. This is because the salt takes the part of the space in water and many compounds become insoluble and are pushed out by the salt. By adding the salt we avoid the situation of getting heavy emulsion when mixing tea with methylene chloride.

Problem: How does the temperature of water used to dissolve an Alka-Seltzer tablet affect the amount of time it would take for the tablet to completely dissolve? An Alka-Seltzer tablet is a medicine tablet made with baking soda used as a pain reliever for “headaches, body aches, pain, heartburn, acid indigestion, and sour stomach” (Alka-Seltzer Tablets). It is put into water, left to dissolve and then consumed. When an Alka-Seltzer tablet is dropped into h20, a chemical reaction immediately takes place and produces bubbles made out of carbon dioxide as a product of the collision (Olson 2). When in its original powder (dry) form, the Alka-Seltzer’s two main ingredients: citric acid and sodium bicarbonate are just there and not reacting to each

Since this process leads to the formation of a bar of soap, it is so called the saponification process. In the saponification process, there is a chemical reaction between fats, lye and water. The composition of oil was changed with the help of lye and this leads to the formation of soap. Cold process soap making takes 4-6 weeks to be cured before using to produce harder, better quality and longer-lasting bar of soap. Besides, something that we need to take note during cold process soap making is not to use hard water during the process as it will cause the unwanted substances within the hard water to take part in the

The water vapour condenses on the cold surface of the jar to form water. 3.6.3 Why do the candles die out at different times? Figure 7: Candles being smothered in the Candles in a Jar experiment Carbon dioxide and other gases are warm gases which expand. As the warm gases expand the remaining oxygen is pushed down to the bottom of the jar (more space for warm air). There are also now more particles of carbon dioxide and water vapour than oxygen.

Thus the absorber consists of the weak solution of the refrigerant (ammonia in this case) and absorbent (water in this case). When ammonia from the evaporator enters the absorber, it is absorbed by the absorbent due to which the pressure inside the absorber reduces further leading to more flow of the refrigerant from the evaporator to the absorber and solution becomes strong. This strong solution is pumped to generator using circulating pump. At high temperature water absorbs lesser ammonia, hence it is cooled by the external coolant to increase it ammonia absorption capacity.The refrigerant leaving the evaporator enter the absorber, where it is absorbed by the absorbent. The refrigerant then enters the condenser while the remaining weak solution enters back to the absorber and the cycle is repeated.

The chloroform and caffeine mixture was collected and into a conical flask labeled A. The remainder of the solution was discarded. This was repeated for beakers B and C. 9. Sodium sulphate was then added to each beaker to dry the liquid by getting rid of any remaining water from the solution. The sodium sulphate was then filtered and discarded.

After finishing the filtration, measure the weight of the sample and dry it. Finally, Do again these two steps until notice that the subtractions of these masses are about 0.005 g, and then arrange all the chemical

Temperature does cause convection currents. Another example of convection currents is when we put two types of colored water in a vial, opened the cap of the vial and saw how it rose to the top. When we tested it with hot water it went straight up like a volcano, and settled at the top not mixing in with the regular temperature water

Two chemical reactions are carried by adding sodium hydroxide to the acidic solution from Part I. During the first reaction is the neutralization of the excess of nitric acid in the mixture by sodium hydroxide. The second reaction takes the place after naturalization is a complete and NaOH is in excess. While the liquid inside the beaker is being stirred, with the stirring rod, 10 ml of 6 M NaOH is poured into the solution from Part I at 1 mL at a time. After each 1 mL the solution is tested for acidity with red litmus paper.

Distillation usually works because organic compounds have boiling points which are different from each other. Usually a mixture of two compounds is placed in a round bottom flask. Heat is then applied to the mixture in the round bottom flask and as a result, the compound present in the mixture with the lower boiling point vaporizes first. The vapor then condenses in a condenser because the condenser has cool water to cool the vapor. The condensed vapor then travels into another flask at the other end of the distillation