Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

1. Introduction
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is one of the oldest electroanalytical method which firstly proposed by the Randles in the middle and late 1940s. EIS has various advantages, among which some properties of this method such as non-destructive, sensitive and highly informative, distinguished it from other electrochemical methods. EIS technique can study the behavior of the electrode–electrolyte interfaces. Because of this fact that the surface properties of electrodes are a function of the electrolyte-electrode interface, this method can be used in the modern surface science and technology. Among the various application of the EIS technique, using of this method to evaluate the surface properties of the energy conversation

As far the classical EIS technique is studied the systems which are exited step to step with an external perturbation signals and at the different frequencies, therefore, the main disadvantage of this method in correlate to this approach is the length of the measurement. Also, it can be mentioned that this method only can give information concerning the electrochemical process of materials before and after process. For example, for evaluated the undergoing corrosion process of a system we only can give information about the system after and before the corrosion process and in the condition that the system is in a stable

al. used DEIS process to obtaining of instantaneous impedance spectra of the non-stationary systems, with dynamic changes of potential, environment, current, or physicochemical properties of the research object during the measurement. But in recent year the DEIS technique has been evaluated in various applications in the fields of electrochemical and corrosion measurements, among which passive layer stability during intergranular corrosion, cracking corrosions, crevice corrosion, pitting corrosion, cells, and stress corrosion but also to evaluate cavitation erosion-corrosion, evaluate the inhibitor efficiency, investigation of fuel and electrode oxidation processes and study the surface properties of energy storage device are important application of this process.
The aim of this work is to study some recent experimental and theoretical achievements by dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy particularly for the processes that occur at the electrods-electrolyts interface. In the second section of this work discussed the principal of the DEIS technique. Some recent application of the DEIS study in third section. In section 4, summarized some advances in the field of dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Finally, some key challenges are outlined to improve efficiency of the dynamic impedance