1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 SAMPLING
Sampling in simple terms refers to the process in which a researcher chooses her sample for study.
Sampling refers to statistical methods of selection of any individual or relatively smaller number of the relatively larger population to study characteristics of the entire population is used to study characteristics and to draw statistically valid inference about the characteristics of the entire population.
The aim of sampling technique is to provide various types of statistical information of a qualitative nature about the whole by examining a few selected units.
The sampling method is the scientific purpose of selecting those sampling units which would provide the required estimate with associated uncertainty
…show more content…
Proportionate stratified sampling.
b. Disproportionate stratified sampling.
3. Mixed sampling
i. Sequentional ii. Systematic
1. Non-random/Delebrate sampling (Purposive or Non probability sampling): In non random sampling, the sample is intentionally or decisively selected without following the theory of probability from the sampling population.
Non probability samplings are used when the number of it is not known or the sample cannot be individually identified. The salient feature of non-random sampling techniques is that sample are selected purely on the subjective judgement, knowledge of the researcher, rather than probability sampling. Some researcher believes that non-random sampling are inferior to random sampling. These are reasons for users of non-probability sampling techniques. Nonrandom sampling require researcher to use their knowledge drawn from theories of literature review and practical (due to experience of research). Another reason of selecting non-random sampling is a procedure used in selection of unit are easier, quicker and cheaper when compared with the random sampling. Non probability sampling, are also aimed for exploratory research where aim is to find out if a problem or in quicker and cheaper
…show more content…
Convenience Sample: Convenience sample is a type of non random sampling, where the sample is selected considering the convenience of researchers. It is simply one where the units that are selected for inclusion in the sample is the easiest to access. Convenience sampling is very easy to carry out, relatively cost effective and less time consuming and it can help in gathering some useful information that may not be feasible to collect by probability sampling. Convenience sampling are sometimes biased. Convenience sampling should be treated with caution, its low cost and ease of use makes it the preferred choice for a significant number of researchers.
2. Judgmental Sampling: also known as purposive or biased sampling. In this sampling judgement of the researcher is used for selecting sample. The main aim of purposive sampling is to focus on particular characteristics of a population of interest, which will better enable you to answer your research questions
E.g. A fruit vender want to show particular fruit is fresh, he will select sample from particular fruit stock which will be containing fresh fruits.
3. Accidental sampling: Sampling is based upon convenience in accessing the sample population.
She argues that "you can't guess samples, you have to test them, not
PSY 350: Experimental Psychology Statistics planning worksheet 1. What is your conceptual IV? That is, what thing do you want to change for participants because you think it will affect an outcome? If you have more than one IV, answer this question for each IV separately. The conceptual independent variable is the emotions of the participants during the experiment. 2.
To be representative the characteristics of my sample population have to match those of the entire target population. In this study, I have to make sure that the right variety of people is interviewed. If the sample is not representative it can be subjected to biases. It could be that with me picking only African Americans and Latinos I risk over-representing these groups while under-representing other minority groups which can be a valid argument. In order for this to be representative,
Offense On a free hit, every player on the fouled team is now on the offensive, no matter what their positions are. Each player has a job and if any person fails to complete it, it could result in a turnover and the opposing team will get the ball. There are several strategies and responsibilities during free hits, including: Pushing the team up the field Hitting the ball wide Dribbling to open space Cutting in front of the defensive wall Shielding the defence Stepping in front of the defence Hit Wide While inside your own defensive zone, hit the ball wide and up the field. By hitting the ball wide, you create space and give your team the opportunity to receive the ball safely.
c. A researcher is planning to analyze the effect of multiple strategies to teach fractions to 6th – graders in Happy Valley School District. She assigns each 6th – grader a number and uses a random number generator to select students for each of her research groups. Ans. Systematic Sampling because she assigns a random nth number to select students for each of her research groups.
Quantitative research is the collection of data. Individuals carrying
The sampling procedure that I would use when interviewing homeless individuals would be snowball sampling. As for the sampling procedure I would use when interviewing key leaders from local health care agencies would be purposive sampling. When using snowball sampling I would draw my samples by identifying a homeless individual, maybe I would ask someone who knows of a homeless individual who would want to speak with me and then I would ask that first person to identify other homeless individuals who would be interested in speaking with me and so on. When using purposive sampling I would draw my samples by purposively picking people who relate to my topic of interest, which is access to healthcare. Therefore when drawing my sample I would only
The three different research methods are naturalistic observations, surveys, and case studies. A naturalistic observation is when someone is observing people or animals in a natural environment or set. A naturalistic observation would be good to use when you observing people in a a cafeteria. For example under appropriate conditions, you can observe the amount of people who naturally order healthy food verses unhealthy food. Naturalistic observation are good only if you take the time to observe people in their natural environments.
One aspect of public health research method that I learned is that measurement is central to quantitative research because it provides the fundamental connection between empirical observation and mathematical expression of quantitative relationships. I also learned that the goals and techniques associated with probability samples differ from those of nonprobability samples. If we want to get results that are valid for the whole study population, we should know how to draw a sample in such a way that it is representative of that population. But it is not necessarily that nonprobability samples are not representative of the population. It means that nonprobability samples cannot depend upon the rationale of probability
Therefore, we interpret further information only to benefit our conception. Furthermore, we consider external information—ones which oppose our conception-- as false. This phenomenon is called confirmative bias. It is a constructive and irrational partiality which is also exhibited by various officers, and it is what may induce corruption. Confirmation bias of police is observable, mainly, within court rulings.
E.g Individuals are more likely to be accursed if they are a different race to the eyewitness testifier. This indicates that individuals are able to reshape, construct scenarios based on stereotypical believes unlike psyical or photographic evidence which is a relabel source to correctly use as a credible source of evidence. This is displayed in Allport and Postman experiment in 1947. Participants were asked to recall the opposite picture, participants were morvlikey to report a black male but this is incorrect as the image shows a white individual.
All three selections show information about the experiment, and show the information in
The three descriptive research methods that I will discuss are Naturalistic Observation, Survey, and Case Study. Naturalistic Observation is a research method in which people or animals are observed in their natural habitat without any controls or variables. This type of research method may be conducted if you want to see how people truly act without being watched. For example, this research method may be used to determine who are healthier shoppers, men or women? The researcher would go to a food store and take count throughout the day of how many men and women he finds in the fruit and vegetable isles, and how many he find in the snack isles.
However, at times, Specific individual or a group or communal segment is a subject of a bias from the other individual or a group or a communal segment. The bias may be supported by the rational arguments or not,
In quantitative research, variables are identified and defined, and then relevant data is collected from study participants. A strength of this type of research is that the data is in numeric form, making it easier to interpret. It also studies the relationship between independent and dependent variables and can address questions such as does a relationship between variables exist, what is the direction of the relationship, how strong is the relationship between the variables, and what is the nature of the relationship. To be able to discover and answer the cause-and-effect relationship is a strength of quantitative research. Lastly, in quantitative research, the study can either be experimental or nonexperimental, meaning clinical trial or observational study, allowing for different types of research studies to be conducted.