Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

The UAV is an acronym for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, which is an aircraft with no pilot on board. UAVs can be remote controlled aircraft (flown by a pilot at a ground control station) or can fly autonomously based on pre-programmed flight plans or more complex dynamic automation systems. UAVs are currently used for multi-purpose, including for monitoring survey, military, roles, and survey works (photogrammetry). A
UAV is defined as being capable of controlled, sustained level flight and powered by a jet or reciprocating engine. In addition, a cruise missile can be considered to be a UAV, but is treated separately on the basis that the vehicle is the weapon. The acronym UAV has been expanded in some cases to UAVS (Unmanned Aircraft Vehicle System).

The export of UAVs or technology capable of carrying a 500 kg payload at least 300 km is restricted in many countries by the Missile Technology Control Regime. China has exhibited some UAV designs, but its ability to operate them is limited by the lack of high endurance domestic engines, satellite infrastructure, and operational experience. Major advantages of UAVs compared to manned systems are that UAVs can fly in inaccessible areas, such as mountainous, volcanic, earthquake and desert areas, flood plains and scenes of accidents. Furthermore, most systems available on the market are stabilized and can operate autonomously. These systems are mainly low-cost systems, and thus a major advantage of UAVs is the cost factor, as UAVs are less expensive and have lower operating costs than manned aircrafts have.
In contrast to the advantages, UAVs are mainly limited by the payload. Thus, low weight sensors like small or medium format amateur cameras and LiDAR systems have to be selected as photogrammetric measurement systems. Furthermore, quite often UAVs are equipped with low-cost sensors, which implicit reduced quality in

Technological advancements in road engineering have improved the design, construction, and maintenance methods used over the years. These advancements have allowed for newer highway safety innovations. By ensuring that all situations and opportunities are identified, considered, and implemented as appropriate, they can be evaluated in every phase of highway planning, design, construction, maintenance, and operation to increase the safety of our road systems
The most appropriate location, alignment, and shape of a road are selected during the design stage. Highway design involves the consideration of three major factors (human, vehicular, and roadway) and how these factors interact to provide a safe road. Human factors include reaction time for braking and steering, visual acuity for traffic signs and signals, and car-following behavior. Vehicle considerations include vehicle size and dynamics that are essential for determining lane width and maximum slopes, and for the selection of design vehicles. Highway engineers design road geometry to ensure stability of vehicles when negotiating curves and grades and to provide adequate sight distances for undertaking passing maneuvers along curves