Semiotics Theory: Semiotic Theory-Making Theory

Self-efficacy is based in a great theoretical framework known as Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), in which there are bidirectional communications between the cognitive, behavioral and environmental or situational contexts (Wood & Bandura, 1989). Self-efficacy beliefs are not a stable attribute of an individual, but they are an active and learned system of beliefs held in context. The thought of self-efficacy is interested with judgments of one’s ability to produce a given pattern of behavior (Schunk, 1981). Social cognitive hypothesis is developed from the view of human agency. In this view, individuals are measured as factors who are contained in their own progression and, by means of their actions, they are able to make things happens.

It is essential to understanding the social constructivist theory that you understand Gergen’s view of the subject. Gergen supports a form of social constructivism referred to as social constructionism. This theory is very similar to the social constructivist theory on how people create knowledge One problem that Gergen identifies is the problem of knowing other minds (1995). This is essential to his theory, because like social constructivism, social constructionism requires two separate actors. Gergen (1995) suggest, “that the contents of these minds are expressed in words and actions, how are we to determine what internal states these words and actions are attempting to express?

According to Morrison (2005), the theory of complexity tries to explain the social change by emphasizing that ‘self-organization and emergence produce new forms of social behavior’ (p. 316). Thus, change is explained through creativity that arises from agency. Authors agree that habitus and structuration theory both have a stronger explanatory power in terms of explaining social reproduction, while complexity theory theorizes social change

It is a theory that seeks to explain how, why and at what rate new ideas and technology spread through cultures. Adoption of a new idea, behavior, or product does not happen simultaneously in a social system; rather it is a process whereby some people are more apt to adopt the innovation than others. Everett Rogers, a professor of rural sociology popularized the theory in his 1962 book; Diffusion of innovation. The categories of adopters are; innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards (Rogers, 1962, p. 150). The change agent centres on the condition which increases or decreases the likelihood that a new idea would be adopted or not.

Furthermore, the theory states that people and groups are influenced by cultural and social processes. Therefore, social structure is worked out through social interaction. This paper aims to analyze symbolic interaction theory, discuss its history, criticisms, as well as emphasizing the current social condition of gender inequality which relates to it. Communication is a vital part of everyday life and society. Communication is the exchange of

Attribution theory and attitude theories Humans are a social and curious species. Humans need to understand other people’s behaviour, its cause and the outcome. Humans need to answer these questions in order to cope in a social environment; to provide a safety net and to avoid situations that induce inner turmoil. Moulding our attitudes and establishing a reference point to assign attributions. Heider(1958) is the founder of the attribution theory .

Baron, Byrne & Suls (1989:6) define Social psychology as the study of the nature and a means of understanding the causes of individual behaviour in social situations, people tend to behave in a certain way due to social and cultural factors Stevenson(as cited in Santrock J.W. 2005: 15). Sociocultural approach stresses that there is a relationship between knowledge and socio-cultural practises (John-Steiner & Mahn 2011). This approach also not only compares behaviour in different countries but also behaviour of people within the the same country but different cultural groups Matsimuto (as cited in John-Steiner & Mahn, 2011). Thabani was raised to be a well-mannered young boy by his grandmother as he took part in traditional rituals with his friends.

It is clear that Merton’s attention is more focussed on the values governing scientific activities, and this he calls ‘cultural structure of science’ rather than the institutions themselves. This he states is a ‘limited introduction to a larger problem’ mainly the ‘study of institutional structure of science’ (Merton, 1942). However, not only had Merton argued that the social scientist changed but the roots and sociological landscape of science changed during World War II and moved from society to the study of organisations and institutions, and out of the ashes rose the new discipline, sociology of science and a new set of imperatives, (Mendelson, 1989:

An ideology that combines all and provides relevance to the developmental needs of the people; is an instrument of society development ideology that is appropriate and sensitive to the peculiar needs of the people, therefore these ideologies might resolve the imbalances in societies (Giroux and McLaren 1989). 'Ideology', in simple words, can be defined as a set of beliefs, usually entertained at group levels. Ideology at group levels can be contrasted with individual opinions in a society. Ideology constructs the stereotypes that are legitimized and supported by certain social institutions. Thus, ideology that has the backing of powerful social institutions becomes dominant in a society and has the potential to capture the minds of marginalized

To explain the target of CDA is to denaturalize hidden ideological power in media discourse by studying linguistic strategies used to produce the ideology, how discursive practice construct the sociocultural structure and how sociocultural structure compose discursive practice. Discourse sets up social condition as long as it is created by people in the society. To analyze discourse, it must contain three dimensions, which are the analysis of text or language, discourse practice, and sociocultural practice. These dimensions help to understand the language used among the group of people in what they understand and why they use and create. Text can be both written language and spoken language such as poem and conversation.