African Influence On African American Medicine

Due to their little knowledge doctors and scientist had taken advantage of them. Africans Americans for them it seemed as if they were the new foreign exchange student in a classroom were everyone speaks a different language, (pg16) Skloot mentioned “For Henrietta, walking into Hopkins was like entering a foreign country where she didn’t speak the language. She knew about harvesting tobacco and butchering a pig, but she’d never heard the words such as cervix or biopsy……” Due to here education most African Americans only went to the hospital when it deemed necessary to them. They would go to the hospital with faith and trust that towards the doctors.

The Columbian Exchange was the movement of people, animals, goods, plants, diseases, and microorganism that occurred in the sixteenth century. The effects of The Columbian Exchange on early American society were extensive. One of the most devastating effects was the spreading of disease that killed around ninety percent of the Native American population. When Europeans came to the New World they brought with them diseases such as, “smallpox, measles, typhus, and cholera”(document one). The native’s immune systems were not prepared to fight theses diseases and this lead to a catastrophic amount of fatalities.

His father pushed for more and better education among blacks and was active in the Equal Rights League, which sought to gain equal rights for blacks following the Civil War. During the nineteenth century, it was difficult for African Americans to seek a medical education since few schools admitted black students. The public, and most white patients, were not comfortable and had doubts about their capabilities as healthcare professionals. Abraham Flexner in his report on medical education in America in 1910 agreed and stated that “The medical care of the negro race will never be left wholly to negro physicians” ( Ralph C. Gordon. “Daniel Hale Williams: Pioneer Black Surgeon and Educator.”

The tribe took their past experiences with germs and disease outbreaks and their beliefs in the connection between the spirit world and disease to systematically deal with the presence of smallpox (81). These spiritual practices even display effects that were beneficial in stopping the spread of smallpox. One of these effects that proved beneficial in reducing the spread of smallpox within the Cherokee tribe was a practice that was common practice: social distancing. The Cherokee “counseled against traveling into disease-ridden settlements, while the smallpox ceremonies they conducted closed villages off against the outside world and helped curtail the spread of contagion” (101). Actions of quarantining the sick and reducing travel were both common practices for the Cherokee as well as a modern stance on how to prevent the spread of disease in the developed world.

The legal status of blacks in early colonial Virginia is a hard issue to grasp and make sense of. It was not easy to determine the legal status of an individual of African descent in colonial Virginia because there were hardly any laws and regulations that were developed upon the arrival of the first group of blacks in 1619,through developing rules and regulation relating to slavery was how the legal status of people of African descent in colonial Virginia began to take place and into effect. It was when these rules and laws were already established was when Virginian colonists began to take notice of the blacks and how they were different, distinguishing them from the rest of the Virginians. In this paper the following issues will be discussed, how the first Africans came to Virginia, the legal status of blacks, how those laws came to be created, and the different type of methods that were used to distinguish blacks from the Virginians.

Why were Africans chosen by the Europeans to be enslaved? Initially Europeans tried enslaving Native Americans, but due to their weak immune systems Native Americans could not fight off Old –World diseases such as smallpox

The authors used the help of physicians and Boards of Health from various towns to discern the impact of the epidemic. Many groups of individuals were affected by the disease, specifically the English, immigrants, and the Canadians (French Canadians and Lower Canadians). The English were known to maintain the customs they brought from their country which focused on “a good

Furthermore, disease also influenced the African Slave Trade to the Americas. With Africans being immune to Old World diseases other than the Native Americans, many Europeans preferred the African as the better slave. ”(The Great Disease Migration) Looking in the past at the discovery of the Americas during Columbus Day, most people forget the hardships the Native Americans faced. For years, many protesters have argued to change Columbus Day to Indigenous Peoples Day.

During the early eighteenth century slavery was a common practice in the United States, which was used to justify forced labor of African Americans. African people were captured and forced to migrate from their homes and families in Africa to become slaves in America. While on the ship to America many of these African captives were chained up and stacked on top of each other without access to necessities. Such things that these people were deprived of was access to food, water, restrooms, showers or any sanitation. This lack of proper living conditions during the forced migration of Africans to America caused many on board the ships to get diseases or die.

It was the early twentieth 100 , and the world had already changed trehands dously compared to the world of their parents and grandparents. Slavery had ended in United States more than half a century earlier. While African American English still faced tremendous economic and social obstacle in both the northern and southern DoS , there were more chance than there had been. After the Civil War (and first slightly before, especially in the Union ), Department of Education for Negroid American English -- and total darkness and white char -- had become more common . Many were not able to attend or complete schooltime time , but a substantial few were able not only to attend and complete elementary or secondary winding school, but college .

Kindred Research 2: Medicine Long ago, diseases were spread rapidly amongst the country, and the lack of medical advancements did not leave much room for survival. Physicians were nowhere near as skilled as they are today, yet they were still important as they were the only hope for treatments. It has always been debatable, however, whether slaves had access to the same amount of medical attention as their owner. Despite the controversy, slaves were not subjected to the same medical attention for many reasons. For one, the doctors best interests were with the owners rather than the slaves themselves (“Birthing a Slave”).

Diseases such as diphtheria, the bubonic plague, influenza, typhus, and scarlet fever were scattered throughout the New World as the Europeans settled inland. The Native Americans who had little to no resistance against these diseases succumbed. It is estimated around 90% of Native Americans population perished due to the diseases listed above. However the explorers weren’t the sole transmitters these diseases. Critters and livestock like mosquitoes, black rats and chickens that migrated along with the Europeans also carried the bacteria.

The people from Africa were generally part of early American history; however, Africans had experience slavery under better conditions compared to the conditions imposed by other civilized society. From the Egyptian Empire to the Empire of Songhai, slavery was practice for the betterment of their society, however, foreigners invaded these regions and took their slave, their ports and impose these people to a life of servitude in the Caribbean islands and in the English’s colonies. Furthermore, the African American slaves were an active agent of society in the earliest period of American history; they have brought new religious practices to their community; for instance, they constructed networks of communities; they had fought in war alongside

Almost every single person from the New World, whether a slave or not, was seriously impacted by the spread of diseases. Furthermore,

African laborers became so numerous in the new world, especially in Brazil, and their descendants became the majority population of the Brazilian region. These events caused great economical upset throughout the Americas, as slaves were no longer profiting from their work. Similar to the devastating disease that Europeans brought to the Americas, the migration of Bantu-speakers into Africa during the 14th century brought infectious and parasitic diseases with them, such as malaria, to the people of West Africa. Overall, the Colombian Exchange had devastating effects on the New World, and will continue to be remembered as a period of great social, cultural, and economical upset throughout the