1 Introduction 1.1 Background of Ammonia Ammonia, as one of the major contaminant from both municipal and industrial waste water, is widely found in aquatic systems. Ammonia nitrogen refers to the nitrogen existed in terms of ammonium cation, which is ionized and formed by the protonation of ammonia (NH3), and the dissolved ammonia (NH3-N). The main sources of ammonia nitrogen in water are decomposition of biomass, discharge of treated and untreated wastewater, and excessive chemical fertilizers used in agriculture. Varying from 5 to 1000mg/L, the ammonia concentration results from industrial emission of waste water such as chemical fertilizer, coal gasification, petroleum refining, pharmaceutical and catalyst factories [1]. For the municipal …show more content…
The membrane contactor itself does not have the function of separating, but it provides an interface for the mass transfer between two liquid solutions. For membrane absorption and desorption of ammonia, the membrane contactor functions as an integrated device, whose efficiency is actually the combination of a large ammonia stripping tower and an acid absorption tower, in which the physical separation and chemical absorption of ammonia could be achieved at the same …show more content…
The membrane used in gas absorption is generally a microporous and hydrophobic polymer. Commonly, the membrane materials for ultrafiltration, microfiltration, and reverse osmosis, such as polypropylene (PP), polytetrafluoroethylen (PTFE), and polyvinyl fluoride (PVDF), could be applied in membrane absorption process. Microporous membrane, whose aperture is between 0.1 and 10 micron, is a porous continuous medium that can screen and filter the molecular penetrated. Polypropylene is among the most widely used for its good resistance to high temperature, high pressure, and the corrosion from acid, alkali and organic. Since the membrane is hydrophobic, it could prevent aqueous solution in the gas/liquid separation. The parameters of microporous membrane include hydrophobicity, aperture distribution, porosity, curvature, and wall thickness. These characteristics could be quite different and thus influence the efficiency of membrane
The purpose of this report is determine if sodium chloride is a viable option as a deicer on winter roads. To determine this, one must compare a multitude of factors. In this lab, the freezing point depression of water, enthalpy of dissolution, cost, and environmental impact will be discussed. A large factor in how effective a substance is as a deicer is it’s ability to decrease the freezing point of water. If the freezing point of water can be lowered, the outside temperature must be much colder to reach this new freezing point, resulting in less ice on the roads.
1. Introduction 1.1 History of the Gowanus Canal The Gowanus Canal, located in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, is one of the most heavily contaminated bodies of water in the United States. The dimensions of the Gowanus canal are 100-feet wide and 1.8 miles long. The canal is built in the mid-1800’s as a major industrial transportation route. Historically was surrounded by heavy industries such as gas plants, concrete plants, industrial plants, chemical plants, tanneries and paper mills.
The human body consists of enzymes which allow foods to be broken down and enable organisms to build chemical substances such as other proteins, carbohydrates and fats that are necessary for life. This experiment will be testing the enzymatic reactions with toothpicks. This experiment depicts the process when a substrate binds with an enzyme. However, only a specific substrate can attach to a specific enzyme. This allows the substrate to attach to the enzyme and then disconnect the enzyme overall causing the substrate to break in two.
Pulmonary Artery Pressure Monitoring This monitors the pressures in the right side of the heart and indirectly measures the left side of the heart. This is the most invasive catheter used in critical care, and routine use of the pulmonary artery (PA) catheter is controversial; it can assess many hemodynamic parameters such as PA systolic and diastolic, pulmonary MAP, pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP), and cardiac output. Cardiac output is used to calculate other parameters such as cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). PAWP is also known as pulmonary artery occlusive pressure or pulmonary capillary wedge pressure.
Tn 4351 was originally isolated from bacteroides fragilis [30] . The transposon was successfully introduced into Cytophaga succinicans, Flavobacterium meningosepticum, Flexibacter canadiansis, Flexibacter strain SFI and Sporocytophaga myxococcoides by conjugation [25]. Tn 4351carries two antibiotic resistance gene. One of the codes for resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin which is expressed in bactroides but not in E.Coli. The other gene codes for resistance in tetracycline and is expressed in aerobically grpwn E. coli, but not in anaerobically grpwn E. coli or in bacteroides.
Osmosis is one of the most important regulators in the body. Osmosis regulates solvents through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, creating equal concentration in and out of the cell. For the purpose of this laboratory a dialysis bag will be used to imitate the semipermeable membrane of a cell. The dialysis bags will be filled with different concentrations of sucrose and placed in distilled water to mimic osmosis. With the dependent variable being the mass of the bag and the independent variable being the sucrose.
CLAIRE MUNTING 29/01/2018 Criterion C EFFECTS OF SURFACE AREA OF CALCIUM CARBONATE UPON RATE OF REACTION Calcium Carbonate Chips 1 Introduction: Within the current investigation, the effects of the surface area of Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) in combination with Hydrochloric acid (HCl) upon its rate of reaction. CaCO3, commonly referred to as limestone, is an organic substance and is, in a sense, the crystallised “carbonic salt” of the element, calcium2. In addition to being a salt, the pH level of Calcium Carbonate is 9.91, and it is therefore, a basic substance, due to the fact that it is comprised of a pH level higher than 7, which is neutral3. HCl, however, is the bodily acid found in the stomach of human beings.
Properties of Ionic and Covalent Substances Lab Report Introduction The purpose of this lab was to determine which of the following substances: wax, sugar, and salt, are an ionic compound and which are a covalent compound. In order to accurately digest the experiments results, research of definitions of each relating led to the following information: ionic compounds are positive and negatively charged ions that experience attraction to each other and pull together in a cluster of ionic bonds; they are the strongest compound, are separated in high temperatures, and can be separated by polar water molecules. A covalent compound forms when two or more nonmetal atoms share valence electrons; covalent compounds are also
Acids are proton donors in chemical reactions which increase the number of hydrogen ions in a solution while bases are proton acceptors in reactions which reduce the number of hydrogen ions in a solution. Therefore, an acidic solution has more hydrogen ions than a basic solution; and basic solution has more hydroxide ions than an acidic solution. Acid substances taste sour. They have a pH lower than 7 and turns blue litmus paper into red. Meanwhile, bases are slippery and taste bitter.
Practical I: Acid-base equilibrium & pH of solutions Aims/Objectives: 1. To determine the pH range where the indicator changes colour. 2. To identify the suitable indicators for different titrations. 3.
Properties of Ionic and Covalent Substances Lab Report Introduction The purpose of this lab was to determine which of the following substances: wax, sugar, and salt, are an ionic compound and which are a covalent compound. In order to accurately digest the experiments results, definitions of each relating factor were researched, leading to the following information: ionic compounds are positive and negatively charged ions that experience attraction to each other and pull together in a cluster of ionic bonds; they are the strongest compound, are separated in high temperatures, and can be separated by polar water molecules. A covalent compound is formed when two or more nonmetal atoms share valence electrons; covalent compounds are also categorized into two sections: polar covalent and nonpolar covalent. Furthermore, polar covalent compounds dissolve in water, while nonpolar covalent compounds do not.
Biochemical tests are the tests used for the identification of bacterial species based on the differences in the biochemical activities of different bacteria. Bacterial physiology differs from one species to the other. These differences in carbohydrate metabolism, protein metabolism, fat metabolism, production of certain enzymes and ability to utilize a particular compound help them to be identified by the biochemical tests. Gram’s stain was originally devised by histologist Hans Christian Gram in 1884. Gram-positive bacteria stain purple, while Gram-negative bacteria stain pink when subjected to Gram staining.
Introduction The goal of the experiment is to examine how the rate of reaction between Hydrochloric acid and Sodium thiosulphate is affected by altering the concentrations. The concentration of Sodium thiosulfate will be altered by adding deionised water and decreasing the amount of Sodium thiosulphate. Once the Sodium thiosulphate has been tested several times. The effect of concentration on the rate of reaction can be examined in this experiment.
Introduction Strong acids and strong acids both dissociate completely in water forming ions. However, strong acids donate a proton to form H3O+ along with a conjugate base and strong bases accept a proton to form OH- along with a conjugate acid. The chemical behavior of acids and bases are opposite. When they are together, their ions cancel out and form a neutral solution. In this experiment, HCl and NaOH will react to form NaOH and H2O with these two steps: The overall reaction is: Both Na+ and Cl- ions combine to form NaCl.
This experiment is to investigate the relationship between solute concentration and the movement of water through semipermeable membrane by the process of osmosis. The purpose of this The Visking tubing apparatus establishes the osmosis procedure. The Visking tubing is a semipermeable membrane filled up with concentrated sucrose solution. The surface of the semipermeable membrane symbolizes the visking tubes and the mixture demonstrates the cytoplasm. If the Visking tube is absorbed in water, after a period of time, it will be have water inside water, this is because the water molecules can pass through the tubing, while the larger sugar molecules cannot diffuse out from the tubing because the size of sugar molecules do not allow it to go through the tubing.