Analyzing Piaget's Theory

Family language issues might be hereditary or induced by natural components. To get case, the child may experience more prominent introduction to deviant language in family members with a brief history of language disorders. Inside the developmental phase or levels when dialect is acquired, the need to connect effectively may lead to guardians using excessively basic or easy language. This could create further problems for the introduction of conversation or

The results showed that disruptive behaviour declined and studying increased when children received praise and attention. Reinforcements, similar to that in the sniffy experiments have been used in human participants to generate results. One study in particular, carried out by Garcia, Guess and Byrnes, 1973 used sweets as a reinforcer to improve the language skills of disabled children. The study was carried out, on what nowadays would be considered a vulnerable group and although the ethics of the study are questionable, the results are imperative. The Sniffy program is designed to give the researcher a first-hand experience with conditioning so that they can learn about observational techniques and operant conditioning in a more ethical manner, but because humans are complex beings, our behaviour cannot always be compared with that of a virtual rat.

Theories (Erikson & Attachment) According to Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, trust vs. mistrust, occurs in the first year of life. Erikson believed that the caregiver’s response to the infant’s cries help them develop a sense of trust, when the caregiver responds right away to the infant’s distress of crying or fussing (Mooney, 2000). Erikson believed that in the earliest years of life, mainly during infancy, patterns of trust or mistrust are formed that control, or at least influence, a person’s actions or interactions for the rest of life (Erikson, 1950). Bowlby hypothesized that children are born with a predisposition to be attached to caregivers and that children will organize their behavior and thinking in order to maintain those relationships (Bettmann, 2006).

The overall goal of this therapy form is to change a persons way of thinking. It just like the conditioning experiments done by Pavlov and Skinner. If the person is exhibiting the wrong behaviors or thinking , than you try to change their thinking/behaviors into the correct behaviors. Starting as children we are forming our personalities thoughts and behaviors. We get older and some behaviors are automatic and this therapy helps us understand the reasoning behind the way we act and how to look past the automatic response.

Erikson’s second stage of development is called “Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt”, where Freud describes it as the “Anal Stage”. Erikson’s second stage occurs between the ages of one to three and compares it with how well a caregiver permits a child to exercise her or his will, and in providing the freedom in order for the child to make choices regarding his or her own life (Boeree, 2006). In stage two, Erikson demonstrated how a child is challenging the boundaries, in order for them to see the effect that it can have on their life (Boeree, 2006). This is the time where the parents or caregivers have to walk a tightrope when it comes to granting the child with enough space in order for them to make decisions and to investigate on their own. If the parents are over protective and denies the child their own will, doubt and shame may develop causing nervousness and problems when it comes to initiating actions (Boeree, 2006).

• Scores on the test are used to identify possible organic brain damage and the degree maturation of the nervous system. Lauretta Bender 2. PURPOSE: The test is used to evaluate - Visual maturity - Visual motor integration skills - Style of responding - Reaction to frustration - Ability to correct mistakes - Planning and organizational skills - Motivation - Perceptual discrimination ability - Fine motor skills The test is

In this if the needs are met, infant develops a sense of basic trust. If the care givers fail to develop trust will result in fear and a belief that the world is inconsistent and unpredictable. According to Freud’s anal stage the child has to learn to control his or her bodily needs. Like Freud, he also believed that toilet training is a virtual part of this stage.

It has emphasized on the process which the child learns antisocial behavior through parents-child exchanges and how families train children to be antisocial through coercive cycle. Coercive cycle happens when parents put demands on children in a negative and aggressive way and child learns to avoid the demands through a process of negative reinforcement (Krol, Morton, & Bruyn, 2004). Through repeating this cycle, coercive behavior become an internalized, learnt and automatic pattern for children to gain control over the unpleasant or chaotic situation. Over a long period, children will progress from displaying coercive behavior in family and revealing similar patterns with other people in other situations or engaging in social behavior such as stealing, lying or aggression. As coercive behavior gets reinforced, children will bring them into middle childhood, in this time children will have trouble with meeting the demands of school and will lead to poor academic results, which will again reinforce the cycle (Patterson, 1982).

Cognitive Theory Humans question why things occur the way that they do. Piaget was an individual who pondered these concepts. Jean Piaget developed an orderly theory in which he outlined the cognitive development in children. He developed the cognitive theory which I will apply when assessing a child.

They vary the amount of rehearsal during learning by intentional learning condition (INT) and intentional learning condition with a subsidiary task (INT-T) under full and reduced rehearsal conditions. Also, researcher used incidental learning condition to examine recall without rehearsal. For INT-T, serial position effect was shown, despite the recall was less than INT overall. Therefore, the research finding provided the necessity of a rehearsal buffer mechanism in order to explain recency effect.

What purpose do reflexes have in newborns? Reflexes are genetically carried mechanisms that allow the infants to respond to their environment before they have the opportunity to learn. 3. Rooting Reflex:

Describe how developmental psychologists determine whether infants have a sense of self. Then discuss how the "theory of mind" is related to one 's sense of self. Developmental psychologists determine when a baby has a sense of self by placing the baby in front of a mirror. The baby’s reaction shows the psychologist if the baby is self-aware. If the baby does not recognize themselves in the mirror they will wave at the reflection, or touch the face in the mirror.

Accommodations a child may need to be successfully included in a childcare program; When teaching… Present information through demonstration instead of just verbal instruction; use both Written words provide visual cues Signs along with spoken word When communication verbally… Short sentences while communicating verbally Breaking instructions down into small “chunks” so they understand Patience while the child is speaking; allow them so speak slowly Ask parents for help ways they can help there children develop Language & speech therapists are also a useful resource if the child has been referred to one *children with Down syndrome have trouble communicating. Whether that means using language or understanding it, a child can become very

(2015) used questionnaires – Such as The Impulsive Behavior Scale (Whiteside & Lynam, 2001). This can provide limitations as, being retrospective, the questionnaires depend on the individual’s memory and can also fall prey to social desirability, where an individual gives the answer they believe the researcher wants or which makes them look as good as possible, thus resulting in a counterfeit outcome, purposefully or otherwise which lowers the research’s ecological validity. Whereas Raby et al. (2015) conducted a longitudinal study which allowed them to test both mothers and their children in the same way before comparing the results, adding to the reliability of the paper as each observation was recorded and

There are many elements that influence the way that a child develops in a cognitive sense. The Novelty Paradigm which includes things such as habituation, sucking, and looking preference are all ways to measure the advance of cognition in infants. Critically assessing the Novelty Paradigm of Habituation can help to give a better insight on the cognitive development of children. Specifically, a novelty paradigm is based off of methods is the theory that infants have a preference to novel rather than familiar stimuli (Siegler, 2014).