Ap Euro Chapter 13 Outline
Chapter 1, Ancient America and Africa
I. The Peoples of America Before Columbus
A. Migration to the Americas
1. Arrival of humans in America is approx. 35,000 B.C.E.
a. Nomadic bands migrated to follow big game animals
b. Nomads moved across land bridge of Bering Strait
i. glaciers contained most of earth 's moisture - part of Bering Sea floor exposed
2. Main migration 11,000 – 14,000 years ago or earlier
B. Hunters, Farmers, and Environmental Factors
1. Movement from north to south to east
2. By late 1400s, Indians were part of diverse & complex societies
3. Archaeologists and anthropologists divide Native Am. history into several phrases
a. Beringian period - ended 14,000 years ago
i. initial migration
b. Paleo-Indian period – 14,000 to 10,000 years ago
i. big
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belief in supreme Creator, honored spiritual forces of nature & ancestors
3. Shared religious feeling with slave owners → African Christianity
a. older religious customs lost some power
4. Similar hierarchy as Europeans (common people lived beneath rulers & nobles)
III. Europe on the Eve of Invading the Americas
A. The Rebirth of Europe
1. Revival of long-distance trading from Italian ports brought wealth & power
2. Feudalism weakened as kings reasserted power
a. England: Magna Carta/ Parliament, France: unrest after Henry III assassinated, Spain: conquest of Muslims & Jews strengthened monarchy
3. Peasants faced famine, Black Death → economic issues, worker strikes, uprisings
a. treated better after plague b/c more valuable
b. 16th century Enclosure Movement turned many peasants into wage laborers
B. The New Monarchies and the Expansionist Impulse
1. Monarchs in France, England, Spain created social & political stability
a. strong armies, bureaucracies, taxes → economic revival
b. Renaissance (innovation, freedom of thought) → impulse to expand
2. Goals of expansion: find oceanic route to Asia & tap African gold at source
3. Portugal (poor country) lead expansion b/c used certain principles
Summary Of Chapter 4 Of Beyond 1492 By Axtell
1021 Words | 5 PagesHistory in The Making After reading chapter 4 of Beyond 1492 by James Axtell, one can infer that Axtell’s central argument is that the Natives were “virtually absent a century ago whereas today they are at the center of attention” (Axtell 97). At fine point, what Axtell is saying at the time that he wrote this book, is that over a century ago (1892) the Native Americans were practically nonexistent in the history of Columbus and his discovery of America. Compared to today (1992) where Indians are now being “rediscovered” thanks in part to a series of movements arising in the late 1960s. (Axtell 97). The Natives were “allegedly inarticulate,” unable to express themselves clearly, and supposing left little traces in written records.
A Comparison Of The Lewis And Clark Expedition
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711 Words | 3 PagesIn 1910, James Mooney made the first scholarly estimate of the indigenous population. He believed that in 1491, North America had 1.15 million people living there. Given his reputation, many accepted his estimates to be facts. However, as time progressed, other estimates were made, despite Mooney’s claims. In 1966, for example, Henry F. Dobyns published “Estimating Aboriginal American Population: An Appraisal of Techniques With a New Hemispheric Estimate” in Current Anthropology.
Dbq Mercantilism
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Reciprocity In Native Americans
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William Cronon Changes In The Land Summary
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Native Americans In 1492 Essay
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