Anti-hypertensives function to lower blood pressure in patients with hypertension. Different classes of medications act in different ways to lower blood pressure. Some medications lower blood pressure by decreasing fluid volume, some reduce peripheral resistance, and others reduce cardiac output. Some medications use a combination of the three.
Thiazide diuretics lower blood pressure by decreasing fluid volume. They inhibit sodium reabsorption which causes increased urination. Increased urination causes a decrease in fluid volume and therefore lowers blood pressure. Another class of anti-hypertensives is beta-adrenergic blockers, also known as beta blockers. Beta blockers work by blocking beta receptors is the heart. These beta receptors are responsible for increasing contractility and increasing pulse. By blocking these receptors with a beta blocker the medication decreases the force of contractions in the ventricles as well as decreases heart rate. The decrease in contractility and heart rate lead to lower cardiac output
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A common side effect of ACE inhibitors is a dry cough. While not fully understood, the cough is believed to be caused by a buildup of bradykinin. This buildup of bradykinin causes inflammation and a release of histamine which is believed to causes the dry cough some users of ACE inhibitors develop.
ACE inhibitors act by inhibiting angiotensin II. Angiotensin II raises blood pressure by vasoconstriction causing peripheral resistance. Blocking Angiotensin II prevents vasoconstriction and reduces blood pressure. Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBS) do not inhibit the production of Angiotensin II. ARBS prevent Angiotensin II from reaching its designated receptors which prevents the vasoconstriction effects of Angiotensin II. ARBS generally do not cause the cough associated with ACE inhibitors. It also has a lower risk of
Presented is Milton Larsen, a 84 year-old African American veteran who lives with his step-daughter Dina in a small home. Mr. Larsen’s bedroom is located in the basement, where he spends most of his time with his cat Snuggles. The objective data gathered from Milton Larsen’s case scenario is as followed: a medical diagnosis of hypertension and left knee osteoarthritis. He is prescribed metoprolol tartrate and spironolactone for his hypertension and he takes ibuprofen for aggravation of the left knee related to frequent trips to the upstairs bathroom. At a recent visit to his primary care physician Milton Larsen stated the following subjective data “Dina gets mad at my cat and takes it out on me.”
Amiodarone produces bradycardia, prolongs myocardial action potential and delays ventricular repolarization. Due to this three pharmacological properties amiodarone prolongs the QT-interval, predisposing to torsade de pointes (TDP), a polymorphic ventricular
Short acting anticholinergics are not considered relief medications because they normally take longer to work than our beta-agonist medications. Though the lists of short acting anticholinergics are short these medications are great for people with COPD. They have fewer side effects than beta-agonist drugs and they are good bronchodilators. The long acting anticholinergic drug takes about 20 minutes to work and can last up to 24 hours, although it is thought of as a “reliever” it’s long lasting effects would make it an excellent maintenance drug for patients with COPD
Possible side effects of the combination medication include a rapid heart rate, tremors or nervousness, and cough or throat irritation (National Institues of Health,
E.g. 99mTc-tetrofosmin (Myoview, GE healthcare), 99mTc-sestamibi (Cardiolite, Bristol-Myers Squibb now Lantheus Medical Imaging). Following this, the heart rate is raised to induce myocardial stress, either by exercise or pharmacologically with adenosine, dobutamine or dipyridamole (aminophylline can be used to reverse the effects of
Relaxing muscles in the arteries in the body lowers blood pressure and reduces the pressure against the heart. As a result, the heart is allowed to work less and requires less oxygen-carrying blood. Verapamil also decreases the conduction of electrical impulses through the heart that control the coordination of contraction (which creates the spasms) (Verapamil, Calan, Verelan, Isoptin: Drug Facts, Side Effects and Dosing. (n.d.).
Beta Blockers are beta-adrenergic blocking agents. They are medications that reduce your blood pressure. Beta blockers work by blocking the effects of the hormone adrenaline and noradrenaline. When a person with hypertension takes a beta blocker, the heart beats more slowly and with less force, reducing the blood pressure. The heart contains beta 1 cells and the lungs contain beta 2 cells.
This compound has reached preclinical studies and has shown to reduce pulmonary capillary pressure, systemic and renal vascular resistance and increased cardiac output and is only active when the renin-angiotensin system is active (for example in acute heart failure). Scientists suggested that
Generalized adaptation syndrome involves a set of physical processes, which occur regardless of the physical response. When physical stress such as trauma, injury or disease stimulates the general adaptation syndrome, it initiates the stress response. Stress response is the response to the disruption of homeostasis caused by stress (Craft et al, 2013, p. 3175). The stress response of open fracture will trigger various responses via hypothalamus stimulate sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and hypothalamus-pituitary adrenal axis leading to alterations in Mr. Jensen’s comorbid conditions such as hypertension and Type 2 diabetes. The physical stress (fracture) will stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, which will cause the vasoconstriction of
Clonidine is a centrally acting alpha-agonist antihypertensive drug that is used to suppress the sympathetic nervous system and plasma renin activity1. This allows blood vessels to relax, which leads to better blood flow throughout the body. It has been used since 1970s. Clonidine was initially only used to treat hypertension, but now it is used for various other conditions including ADHD, alcohol and opiate withdrawal, anxiety, smoking cessation, and many more. Clonidine comes in a tablet form (extended-release and immediate release), and transdermal patch2.
Use: Albuterol is a drug that comes in some prescribed inhalers. It is prescribed for patients who experience a respiratory difficulty that causes bronchoconstriction. It is usually used to provide relief of bronchial asthma. Trade & Generic Name: The generic name is albuterol.
The four types of antidepressant medications that are the most common. These medications are Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), as Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs), Atypical Antidepressants, and Tricyclic Antidepressants. Each has similar side effects, while others have different effects on the human body. The first main type of antidepressant is Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) which job is to ease depression by affecting the chemical messengers, which are used to interconnect between all the brain cells.
It enhances cytochrome P450 function, then warfarin will be gobbled up and metabolised at a later rate, thus increasing the risk of blood clots. 3. Warfarin interact with cimetidine ( histamine H2 receptor antagonist ). It inhibits cytochrome P450 function. the warfarin isn't processed at its usual rate, thus increase the risk of bleeding.
The release of ADH from the brain is affected by receptors near the pituitary gland they are very sensitive when the amount of plasma in the brain gets too high the hypothalamus releases ADH. ADH secretion is stopped when stretch receptors in the two upper chambers of the heart are triggered when there is more than the usual amount of blood returning to the heart through the veins. The body wanting to expel excess fluid stops the ADH secretion. When blood pressure falls stretch receptors the aorta of the heart are stimulated this causes ADH to again be released as the body knows it needs a higher amount of volume to create the correct pressure to send the correct amount of blood cells to the correct tissues. The amount of ions in given amount
Spironolactone: This drug belongs to a class of drugs called potassium-sparing diuretics. It’s usually involved in the treatment of oedema (fluid accumulation in tissue), heart failure and high blood pressure. Incidentally, spironolactone has the added effect of blocking the action of male hormones like DHT.