Antibiotic Resistance Lab Report

This kind of Staphylococcus aureus is called “MRSA”, referred to methicillin-resistant S. aureus. This bacteria are multi-resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics, meaning that they are resistant to different kinds of antibiotics, such as penicillin, methicillin, dicloxacillin and cephalosporin. As the process goes, that normal Staphylococcus aureus are being killed by penicillin antibiotic, and the ones that are resistant survived and keep on reproducing, Staphylococcus aureus bacteria that is penicillin resistant spread in the community and its amount kept on increasing. This made natural selection to occur, which the bacteria that are antibiotic resistance are suitable ones and they survived in

This is more difficult to find in stores and its cost is on the high side. It is specifically made for oral sex and thus provides maximum protection. • Having regular medical checkup and tests help to detect the oral Chlamydia early and once discovered at an early stage, it can be treated quickly before it becomes severe. • Having a safe number of sex partners (one, ideally) helps prevent one from being with infected sexual

Since DNA can unwind because of the removal of the enzymes that do that bacteria can’t multiply. Tetracycline which is used to treat acne, respiratory tract infections and other conditions kill bacteria by inhibiting protein synthesis. This is done by stopping molecules to bind on a certain area of the cell called ribosome. Since key molecules can bind to ribosomes which is the site where protein synthesis happens the bacteria will die because it can’t carry out vital functions including asexual reproduction. Some antibiotics kill bacteria by stopping the production of folic acid which is an essential vitamin for proper functioning of the cell’s

2.3.1.1 DICLOFENAC It is a non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drug (NSAID) used for the treatment of inflammation and can also be used as an analgesic. It is supplied as or contained in medication under a variety of trade names. Inhibition of prostaglandin production is the primary mechanism responsible for its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic action. It also appears to exhibit bacteriostatic activity by inhibiting bacterial DNA synthesis (Bhalaet al., 2013). It also affects the function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro, thereforereducing superoxide toxic radical formation, chemotaxis, oxygen-derived free radical generation and neutral protease production(Mahgoub, 2002).

Chapter VII ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTY Primary root canal infections are polymicrobial, typically dominated by obligatory anaerobic bacteria. The most commonly isolated microorganisms before root canal treatment include Gram-negative anaerobic rods, Gram-positive anaerobic cocci, Gram-positive anaerobic and facultative rods, Lactobacillus species and Gram-positive facultative Streptococcus species.83 The obligate anaerobes are rather easily eradicated during root canal treatment. In contrast, facultative bacteria such as non-mutans Streptococci, Enterococci, and Lactobacilli, once established, are more likely to stay alive even after chemo-mechanical instrumentation and root canal medication.84 In particular Enterococcus faecalis has gained attention

meningitidis has extensive mechanisms to elude the host immune system, of which tactics to evade complement deposition are of major importance. The main mechanism is the recruitment of a human negative regulator of the complement system, fH, by the membrane protein fHbp. This binding, by preventing the assembly of C3 convertase, inhibits the deposition of complement on the bacterial surface and increases its chances of survival. In addition, N. meningitidis can exploit host weakness by upregulating the expression of proteins involved in immune evasion in response to elevated temperature, as is the case in fever. Future research should seek to target specific antigens on the surface and inhibitors of the fHbp-fH interaction to be able to treat or prevent this disease that can have severe

Antibiotic medications have saved many people’s lives. Unfortunately antibiotics are no longer as effective in stopping pathogenic bacteria infection. Currently there is an antibiotic resistance crisis since may bacteria have become or are becoming resistant to all of the antibiotics developed. Instead of researching new antibiotics, which will continue to promote antibiotic resistance, antibiotic stewardship should be promoted specifically dealing with preventing infections, monitoring antibiotic prescription, and developing laboratory tests that provide accurate results faster. Hospitals need to reduce the infections contracted during patients stays in their facilities.

Inducing Prodigiosin Transposon mutagenesis in Serratia Marcescens Introduction Serratia Marcescens is an opportunistic pathogen, mainly of healthcare facilities but can also be found in many diverse environments. Serratia is a gram negative bacteria which can give it innate resistance to certain antibiotics, especially those that target peptidoglycan cell wall synthesis, due to its outer membrane. In an environment with different microorganisms competing for food Serratia holds a component that gives it another selective advantage. The bacteria contains a red pigment called prodigiosin, that has antibacterial, antifungal, and even antiprotozoal activity. The pigment is produced due to quorum sensing of bacteria, when an appropriate level of N-hex anoyl-L-homoserine lactone (HHL),

These issues can be problematic in the early dressings change of superficial burns, while patient needs more frequent dressing change. In these cases, general anesthesia is the better solution to save the patient from

In the first stage in the normal body, vitamin B12 binding proteins that found in saliva to enters the stomach. Then the stomach uses hydrochloric acid to liberate vitamin B12 from the proteins. However, in the first stage of pernicious anemia, the stomach excretes a small amount of hydrochloric acid. This leads to a failure of separate vitamin B12 from food proteins, which inhibit vitamin B12 from absorption. In addition, the lack of secretion of hydrochloric acid provides a suitable environment for a reproduction of gut bacteria.

It is also responsible for the bactericidal activity of isoniazid. Isoniazid has inhibitory effect on mycolic acid synthesis and seems to be its main purpose. Evidence suggests that after treatment with isoniazid, there is a lack of fatty acids on mycobacterium cell wall. Also inh A enzyme acts as molecular target for isoniazid inhibition. This enzyme plays a role in prolongation of the fatty acids that contribute to mycolic acid synthesis.

Major Quest Outline Name: Madison Underwood Thesis: Bacteria is becoming resistant to antibiotics and will eventually cause an apocalypse. Body: I. Understanding antibiotic resistance is vital in understanding the argument. A. In the passage, General Background: About Antibiotic Resistance, the author gives a description of antibiotic resistance saying, “antibiotic resistance occurs when an antibiotic has lost its ability to effectively control on kill bacteria growth; bacteria are resistance and continue to multiply.” The author is saying that antibiotic resistance takes place when an antibiotic can no longer kill the bacteria because the bacteria has grown stronger and continues to grow stronger.

Should mandatory antimicrobial stewardship programs set in place to control antibiotic use to decrease the chances of superbugs to emerge? Table of contents Introduction 4 Biological background 5 Alternative views for implementing antimicrobial stewardship programs 6 Alternative views against implementing antimicrobial stewardship programs 6 Conclusion 7 Bibliography 8 Introduction The World Health Organisation has announced antibiotic resistance and the rise of superbugs as a threat to human race. Superbugs are defined as bacteria equipped with antibiotic resistance genes. The affected bacteria can transfer the antibiotic resistance genes to other bacteria and completely paralyse humans to combat against bacterial infections (News Limited 2014). According to recent studies

Lockjaw, also more commonly know as tetanus or Clostridium tetani, is a desease caused by bacterial infection. the bacterium Clostridium tetani, is commonly found in soil, saliva, dust, and manure and can be introduced to the blood stream via a skin puncture, the bacterium produces a toxin called Tetanospasmin which interferes with muscle contractions, resulting in muscle spasms or spasmodic muscle contractions. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetanus). Tetanospasmin permanently binds receptors, so in that sense it can 't be cured. In the case of advanced tetanus treatment involves antibiotics and paralytics while being put on a respirator, which is needed until your receptors regenerate.

This is a dangerous factor for humans and animals. Additionally, C. diff is an opportunistic infection, meaning that the pathogen will most likely thrive when the immune system is weak, such as during or after taking an antibiotic drug. This disease can be induced by treatment with antibiotics or by disruption of the normal gastrointestinal flora. C. diff has now become largely common in the hospital and