Should mandatory antimicrobial stewardship programs set in place to control antibiotic use to decrease the chances of superbugs to emerge?
Table of contents
Introduction 4
Biological background 5
Alternative views for implementing antimicrobial stewardship programs 6
Alternative views against implementing antimicrobial stewardship programs 6
Conclusion 7
Bibliography 8
Introduction
The World Health Organisation has announced antibiotic resistance and the rise of superbugs as a threat to human race. Superbugs are defined as bacteria equipped with antibiotic resistance genes. The affected bacteria can transfer the antibiotic resistance genes to other bacteria and completely paralyse humans to combat against bacterial infections (News Limited 2014). According to recent studies
…show more content…
These programs can also benefit individual patients by improving clinical outcomes (Bebell and Muiruz 2014). Currently, patients infected by superbugs are treated either by radical surgery which may lead to amputation, or intense use of strong antibiotics which can cause many unwanted side effects (e.g. liver damage, diarrhoea, allergic reaction). Also pharmaceutical companies are not likely to invest in new drugs for superbugs as this has little financial profit for the companies making the creation of newly developed antibiotics with fewer side effects almost impossible (Pogson 2012). However, if the spread of superbugs is controlled by the AMS programs, no new drugs are needed and less aggressive treatments can be used for such bacterial infections. The AMS programs are preventative; they reduce infections and fewer people will be affected by infection. Even for the group of patients who are infected, more positive patient outcomes are expected when the AMS programs are
In week 5, the patient reported feeling well again. However, looking at the bacteria in the gut during week 5 there is a lot of empty space. This shows that the antibiotics killed not only the bad bacteria, but a lot of the good bacteria also. This is not a good way to treat infection because when the body could develop a new infection, there would not be enough bacteria to kill off the bad bacteria. During week 7, the patient reports feeling sick again.
Major Quest Outline Name: Madison Underwood Thesis: Bacteria is becoming resistant to antibiotics and will eventually cause an apocalypse. Body: I. Understanding antibiotic resistance is vital in understanding the argument. A.
Sepsis impacts the U.S. healthcare based on its high incidence, mortality rates, financial costs and long-term adverse effects on sepsis survivors. To reduce this impact, the rapid initiation of bundled care based on the SSC can reduce the severity of severe sepsis and septic shock thereby, reducing patient mortality and long term adverse effects. The objective of this paper is to discuss the benefits of implementing a sepsis bundle focusing on the SSC recommendations and the improved effects realized on patient outcomes and morality rates. The clinical question is as follows:
Controlling the spread of infectious diseases through immunization is one of medicine 's most significant accomplishments. Vaccination programs are proven to be a cost-effective means of disease prevention that have saved millions from death. Medical providers play an important role in the promotion of vaccinations; they can promote vaccination by following the standards for Adult Immunization Practice which include a four-step process: ♦ Assess immunization of all patients at every clinical encounter. ♦ Strongly recommend to patients the vaccines that they need.
Very similar to previous chapters, is the process of natural selection, so the Engine of Evolution gives a look at the various forms of evolution and explains the possibilities. Seems like evolution contains many separate subjects that all explain a very complicated theory, however, by learning more, we prepare ourselves with knowledge about the truth. Evolution represents the scientific community’s version of our origins, and the best supporting evidence are natural selection and adaptation. Since, Jerry Coyne used chapter 1 to explain the basic concept of evolution, like the six point evolutionary theory; however, he uses chapter 5 for more detail on the concepts like: the process of evolutionary change through natural selection & adaptation, and laboratory evolution.
However, the physicians did not reveal the actual purpose of the study. Consequently, penicillin was the most effective medication, but the doctors decided to withhold treatment (Bozeman, Hirsch, & Slade ,
Even though antibiotics can be very beneficial in curing infections and saving lives, the careless, mishandled use of these drugs are a major threat to society. Resistance comes with evolution and humans need to be careful not speed up this process. Just like Ricky Lannetti, even the healthiest of people can be affected by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Bacteria resistance is not slowing down anytime soon, so it is up to the human race to become responsible for their applications of these powerful drugs. Theresa Drew was able to voice a warning after the death of Ricky, “My only son was killed on December 6th, 2003.
At the time not even the most straightforward diseases, for example,not even the common cold was curable. Until the best medicinal disclosure at the time was accidently found in 1928. Starting its potential amid World War 2, the entire world needed its hands on it. It was Penicillin. Penicillin left an imprint in our history, it expanded medicinal innovation, manufacturing and even diminished diseases.
There is one downside to taking these pills. You have to take 24 to 34 pills to get enough good bacteria to help out. When they tested these pill everyone that took then never got sick with the infection again. Now these pills are being used for many more cases.
In the case of a false positive, individuals will get a scare and once individuals get tested, the information derived would be valuable as the positive predictive value helps individuals to find out the probability of the population of the population of interest that gets the disease. This will help medical personnel stop the disease in its tracks. Therefore, point of care testing was developed to allow for more accurate testing of persons: “Point of care testing allows patient diagnoses in the physician’s office, the hospital or the home and the results are timely and allow rapid treatment of the patient” (NIH, 2013). It will encourage patients to get tested and prevent any fear associated with getting tested due to the stigmas associated with attaining the infection and the history of false positives noted in the
On October 20, 2015, Subway restaurants announced an antibiotic-free policy. The announcement earned great disapproval from the livestock industry. Ranchers in Kansas are upset with the company for changing to antibiotic-free meats. Rhonda Stithem, from that cattle ranch in Kansas, says they says they have lots of mouths to feed and they have safe food in places to do that. Sometimes they antibiotics if one cow falls ill.
Essentially, bacterial infections become more resistant to another round of the same antibiotic if not used appropriately. Infections with drug-resistant bacteria often last longer, cause more severe illness, require more doctor visits or longer hospital stays, and involve more expensive and toxic medications. According to the Center for Disease Control, in 2009, the United States spent $10.7 billion on antibiotics, including $6.5 billion among patients who visit physician offices and $3.5 billion among hospitalized patients, however, 50 percent of antibiotic use, in the outpatient setting alone, is considered inappropriate. More importantly, around 30 percent is attributed to cases where antibiotics were not needed at all, the other 20 percent is inappropriate antibiotic selection, inappropriate dosing, or inappropriate duration (“Fast
Disclosure of this infection partitioned researcher in two
Results: In the experiment we saw six locations show bacterial samples. These locations were the soap dispenser in the men’s bathroom, the inside front door handle to building H, the first floor elevator button, the first floor water fountain button, and both the men’s and women’s bathroom trash can rim. Between the six locations, there was a species richness of at least one in all but four locations.
The studies have found that every extra 1/5 teaspoon full of hand sanitizer is used the MRSA rates fell. Also these studies have acted as a reminder that we should be washing our hands, at home and at our workplace. During winter seasons it is essential to wash your hands so you can stop the germs from spreading (Anonymous 2009). Contaminated hands have been seen as the main vocal point to the spread of pathogens, HWC (health care worker) have been shown as some of the highest variables for contaminated hands. However factors such as heavy workloads and lack of time have been considered and acknowledged, nevertheless the compliance is very poor (Randle J 2010).