1. “Passive, automatic effects change social perception, attitudes and other affective reactions, evaluation and emotion, and even behavioral responses, which are… widely assumed… [to be] under conscious control”. Given the significant effects on behavior in these studies, (how) can we control our behavior?
We can control our behavior by avoiding environments that the trait relevant behavior might be activated by.
We can also reduce the membership of perceptions, attitudes, affective reactions, and behavioral responses from our schema.
2. If “behavioral responses to situations are… represented mentally,” what does that teach us about therapy?
That clients’ behavioral responses are influenced by automatically produced perceptions and
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3. How can we be responsible for our behavior if so much of it happens without our awareness and even against our values and intentions?
We can try to avoid making behavioral representations.
Increase our awareness of the influence or at least the possibility of the influence of our behaviors.
Use motivation to exert the control
Try to have enough attentional capacity (or lack of distractions) at the time to engage in the control process.
Steele, C.M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype Threat and the intellectual test-performance of African-Americans. Journal of personality and Social Psychology, 69 (5): 797-811
1. Many of the subjects on which the theory of stereotype threat is based are from Stanford University. How might that change the findings?
The results may be indicative of a confirmation bias where the researchers may have went in the research expecting a certain outcome.
The sample size might not have been diverse enough given the reputation of the institution and might be a poor representation of the overall
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T., & Hixon, J. G. (1991). The trouble of thinking: Activation and application of stereotypic beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(4), 509-517.
1. “Cognitive busyness [load] may decrease the likelihood that a particular stereotype will be activated but increase the likelihood that an activated stereotype will be applied.” This stands in contrast to the common idea that stereotypes are used to simplify cognition and should have greater effects when there aren’t sufficient processing resources. Which makes more sense?
Despite the use of activation to increase the likelihood of a construct being used in subsequent judgments, it does not mandate such use or determine the precise nature of it.
Cognitive busyness may decrease the likelihood of locating the tool (activation), while simultaneously may increase the likelihood of applying the tool once it has been found.
Cognitive busyness may result in behavioral suppression
The timing of the onset of busyness would appear to be crucial in determining if and when social interaction will better or intensify
This stereotypes affect black people unconsciously to appoint where it begins to affect
This academic journal defines and goes in depth about stereotype threat. In the beginning of the journal, the authors give real life example of stereotype threats and how they negative affect people. They then go on to define what stereotype threat is. The rest of the journal explores the psychology behind stereotype threat and why people continue to fall victim to it. I picked this article people it spoke about and explained stereotype threat in an educational and scientifically way, while still making it easy to understand.
Stereotype Threat on College Campus To most of the Americans, education has a pivotal role in improving social mobility. It allows everyone, regardless of race, ethnicity, background, to access equal ability and opportunity to succeed. However, it is really the case when our campus is full of stereotype threat? According to Whistling Vivaldi by Claude Steele, stereotype threat is the pressure or risk of conforming to negative stereotypes related to one’s identity. Distracted by the threat, we would perform much weaker in class, and choose to live on a much limiting life unconsciously.
Some may argue and say that situations and environments can control the individual. On one hand, this is true; however, most individuals can control themselves in the environment in most cases. This evidence supports my counterargument because an individual can control his or herself when it comes to different changes in the situation or environment. This evidence refutes the argument because an individual is in control of the situations and
It was seen as a more efficient way to how the brain processes the information it gathers from the environment (Ramirez-Berg). Over the years, stereotyping has received a negative connotation, with its most common association referring to the grouping of people into a generalized group based off of one physical or internal characteristic. Because of such a negative association, many people generally
As seen in Scientific America, stereotyping affect the performance on specific task. The article summerizes research from the past few decades that show that when people are reminded of a negative stereotype they pertain to that identity and tend t do worse on a specific task. For instance, when female subjects were remined that “women are no good a maths”, they did worse at the math task, However when reminded of a positive stereotype, people in the stereotyped group did better at the task, The participants in this research were Asian women.
Since stereotypes create misconceptions of opposing groups while restricting an individual’s own capacity, educating society about these stereotypes should be a high priority to counteract their negative
On of the essential human abilities is the ability to judge. People judge other people by many factors such as race, gender, sexuality, political stance etc. People enjoy judging and, especially, they enjoy creating stereotypes. A psychological perquisite for forming stereotypes lies in the necessity of generalization of information about the people around. Following the stereotypes, one can simplify the whole picture of the world and make it more comprehensible.
We hypothesize that the performance of the women on the cognitive task will still be negatively affected by the fabricated stereotype threat based on recent research that has started to study the cognitive processes behind the diminished performance. Schmader and Johns (2003) conducted a study to examine the effects of stereotype threat on working memory. They hypothesized that a diminished working memory capacity could account for worse performances on cognitive tasks. This study is one of many that has recently begun to study the cognitive mechanisms behind stereotype threat. 40 males and 35 female students in undergraduate studies were chosen to participate in the study and were randomly assigned to either the control group-
Stereotypes can help people out in many different ways such as helping people be seen as not just a category. It can make people be seen as not a man or woman but a man or woman who has done things. These stereotypes can be seen also as a way to encourage a higher standard of people. The people can learn from these stereotypes and turn them to the opposite of what the stereotypes says. At the same time stereotypes can be used to help people respond to different situations.
While some believe not all assumptions and stereotypes are bad, but they force people of the group to fit in a generalized description stripping individuals of their uniqueness. According to the article, “ Positive Stereotypes Are Pervasive and Powerful” by Alexander M. Czopp, Aaron C. Kay, Sapna Cheryan, “even norms that emphasize and encourage superficial attempts to demonstrate inclusiveness, diversity, and multiculturalism at personal and institutional levels...often come with subtle but substantial costs.” There no are such things as positive stereotypes because although affiliating one’s identity with the stereotypic strengths of their social group can have a more immediate response towards group pride and collective self-esteem,
In today’s society, individuals and groups are labeled with either positive or negative stereotypes. People encounter stereotypes everyday and everywhere. It is the picture people paint in their minds when approaching a group or individual when in fact it may be different in reality. Stereotypes affect a person’s way of living and thinking either in a negative or positive way. Stereotypes are based on truth but in an exaggerated way, while misconceptions are formed from having stereotypes.
Attribution theory explains most of why we act the way we do because of our beliefs. There are two types of attribution : defensive attribution, which is the tendency to attribute our success to our own efforts (dispositional) and our allures to external factors (situation); and fundamental attribution error, which is the tendency people have to overemphasize personal causes for other people’s behaviors (dispositional) and underemphasize personal causes for their own behavior (dispositional) (..., ____). Relevant theories of attribution in regards to the question that we are attempting to answer includes: situational attribution, in which our actions are attributed to external or environmental factors; along with that includes stable, in which conditions are always present, and unstable attribution, in which conditions are not stable and may be occasional or
How a Self-Fulfilling Stereotype Can Drag Down Performance Do you think stereotyping is a good thing ? Stereotyping is like saying all the people or including everything of what you're trying to say. For Example one type of Stereotype is when let’s say that all mexicans are lazy or all asians are smart and get straight A’s in school. There’s many more Stereotypes but it’s all including the word all.
In 1933, Katz and Braly published their classic hypothetical work on the journal, connecting stereotypes with attitudes and racial prejudice. Several decades later, Allport noted stereotype “is an exaggerated belief associated with a category. Its function is to justify