Arguments Against Identity Theory

Due to the power of perceptions, the Australian identity has for a long time been negatively associated with racism, homophobia, and hostility to culturally different ethnicities. The misrepresentation of identity is also a result of long-held stereotypes and generalizations, which are an exaggeration of actions or beliefs of a few people in the Australian society. The misconceptions, perceptions, and stereotypes have unfortunately created a false identity that all Australians are racists, biased and hostile when it comes to people of other ethnicities and cultures, or beliefs that they

One of the themes in Exhalation by Ted Chiang is the scientific method can reveal truths about existence. The scientific method is like a fortune teller. It can give us the answers that we did not have before. In the short story, the world is filled with a race mechanical beings. Curiosity builds as time appears to be moving faster even though there is no malfunctions with the clocks. One scientist decides to take upon the task to figure out what is going on and dissects his own brain. Through the scientific method, the scientist discovers that because the atmospheric pressure rising that the air passing through their brain is slower. The slower the air passing through their brain, the slower their brains perform. This discovery led to the

Looking at the history of reflection on free will, it can be noticed that such concept was not known in the Ancient Greece. Albeit, Aristotle has shyly discussed about a concept of ‘’choice’’ (proairesis), however it is poorly connected with actual acts, let alone the power of free will. It can be argued that the Greek stoics somehow recognised the possible existence of free will, since they greatly attributed the necessity of defending our inner beliefs and morals, so that the human shall not inherently delve into seeking desires, not worry about them, as well as ignore the circumstances that are not dependant on us. Thus, stoicism attributed to the individual the necessity of being free from all external influences and defending their personal inner sentiments. The development of the concept of free will can be directly attributed and traced back to the late Roman stoicism, especially during the time of Epictetus, whose philosophical teachings and views were written down by one of his students. These are known today as ‘Enchiridion Epictetus’ and ‘Diatribe’.

The octopus has captured the attention of the science world in the past few decades. These elusive sea-dwelling creatures mystify us with their behaviors that indicate intelligence. Researchers are perplexed by octopuses’ complex behaviors; octopus demand our ongoing attention because the more we look at them, the more questions we formulate. Octopus force us to question our definition of intelligence. They push us to realize that we might not be the only creatures that have the ability “to solve problems, make complex connections between ideas, and survive by wits alone.” (Octopus Deploy octopus.com The growing evidence for octopus intelligence.) Upon examining their lifestyle and behavior in both the wild and captivity, we have found

Some people think of the Holocaust just as Jews being led to slaughter, while this is true for some there is other responses to their lives being threatened. Some chose to fight, whether by choice or by feeling they had no other decision they fought. Another aspect that some may overlook is that the resistance fighters were people too, they had personal lives and they all dealt with things differently. When boxed in a corner everyone acts differently, this is especially true when looking at the fight or flight response of the resistance fighters. Another aspect is how their religious beliefs influenced their actions. The final way we can compare the books Defiance and If not now, when? is how they felt about the other Jews that joined

Upon personal perception of myself, I come to classify me, personally, as some one with a moderate threshold for pain, if I feel intense heat upon any of my extremities, I of course do what any common-minded person would do, I extract from the sensation because it is intensely uncomfortable. Under some circumstances I may not react to some sensations due to either; blind (and of course numbing) ignorance, mental blocking in order to access endorphins and persevere through the pain to also access endorphins. I identify mentally blocking an irritated sensation and persevering through an aggravating sensation as two different methodologies, though both try to achieve the same goal, accessing the endorphins to be released, they are very distinctive.

In this paper, I will discuss the psychological continuity analysis of personal identity, and an example against the sufficiency of psychological continuity for personal identity with transitivity. Psychological continuity refers to the continuity between individuals in a mental state. This is not a necessary condition for personal identity because memory is not transitive, and identity is.

In the first issue of The Watchmen, Gibbons and Moore use their talents to sets the opening scene as a mystery of one of the characters death. This set the tone for one of the other characters, Rorschach to enter in as the narrator to discover the truth of the crime and a walkthrough of his life as a crimebuster. After warning other of a possible assassin that is out with intentions of hurting another, those that were warned ignored the heads-up. Later in the second issue, those same characters that were warned seem to feel the pressure of another force closing in on them, which is the reason for calling all the others for a meeting. The author uses the death of the comedian as an example of the potential for harm to be caused to the others if precautions aren’t taken. The book is similar to the article “Trust Your Intuition” due to the individuals involved being blind or ignoring the warning signs of their certain situation. Although Rorschach doesn’t have the best communication skills

Constant efforts to imagine objectively restrict us, beings able to have conscious experience, from fully comprehending the notion of consciousness, thus our incomprehension of what it is like to be a bat stems from our inability to think subjectively and objectively. Thomas Nagel attempts to both define consciousness and differentiate subjectivity from objectivity by refuting reductive ontological views. I will argue that because any theory regarding the mind cannot disregard the intractable dilemma of subjectivity that is present in the study of consciousness Nagel is definitely entitled to his assumptions which he makes in “What Is It Like to Be a Bat?” to invalidate reductionism. The premises that he utilizes involves what he refers to as “the subjective character of experience,” the flaws of physicalism, the inability to alter one’s fundamental structure, and the irreducible aspect of experience.

According to Davidson “Anomalous monism resembles materialism in its claim that all events are physical, but rejects the thesis, usually considered essential to materialism, that mental phenomena can be given purely physical explanations” (Davidson, 1970/2002, p. 119) In other words, only the physical may be described by causal laws, but if a physical event is described as a mental event there is no causal law, and there are no psychophysical laws that connect the mental with the physical . Davidson, may defend a view of identity theory, but it is clear that it is not possible to reduce the mental states to a physical explanation. In Davidson’s words:

There’s a label for everything. You don’t need to lie to yourself and pretend you don’t belong to one because nothing is wrong with being identified as belonging to a certain category. It genuinely shouldn’t matter to you what anybody labels you as. You should label yourself. The English language is so vast that I’d be awfully surprised if you couldn’t find a few words that described who you are.

The two objections to psychological egoism are the everyday objection and the evolutionary objection. The best arguments for ethical egoism rely on psychological egoism as their premise. These arguments also make us of other general philosophical principles. Even if we accepted those principles, we still have strong reasons to doubt the truth of psychological egoism. Because of this it is unlikely that there are sound arguments for ethical egoism.

who has behaved inappropriately against he thinks of himself (e.g. "for no apparent reason, I

This article explains the definition and background of the study of physiognomy. Physiognomy is the study of the face and body and the belief that physical features indicate human characteristics and is a pseudoscience. It goes on to summarize its history within different contexts and how it evolved. The text gives the reader a better understanding of physiognomy, and a summary of the philosophers who have written on the topic like Aristotle, Homer, and Hippocrates. It also discusses its use in literature using Geoffrey Chaucer's pilgrims in

There are theories and concepts that will greatly support this study. First of which is the Erikson‘s theory of Identity vs. Role Confusion. The theory has asserted that the ages of 13 to 19 years state that as children make the transition from childhood to adulthood. When they become adolescents, they ponder the roles they will play in the adult world.