Aromaticity can be termed as a chemical property of conjugated cycloalkenes. Aromaticity deals with the uncommon stability of benzene and its derivatives, which is caused by the ability of the electrons in the p-orbitals to delocalize and act as a framework to generate planar molecules. A molecule is only considered aromatic due to the fact that it is cyclic, that it follows the Huckel’s Rule and lastly that each element must have a p-orbital.
Antioxidants play and important role in health. It can be defined as a group of organic chemicals and have been used to hinder the process of oxidative degradation of food products, fats and oils and polymers. Antioxidant can be defined as forms of molecules that help to maintain the body’s chemical reactions. They assist in preventing excessive activity of free radical molecules. Free radicals are molecules that are very reactive;
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Flavonoids has a molecular structure of two aromatic carbon rings and benzopyran (A and C rings) and benzene (B rings). The chemical structure of flavonoids consists of pyrane and phenolic rings that are classified due to the differences in the substitutions and combinations that are associated between the A and B rings. The differences are, however, accounted for by the attachment of glycosidic groups, hydroxyl groups and methoxy groups. The total number of hydroxyl group and the configuration are factors that impact the antioxidant activity of flavonoids. The free radical searching activity is primarily attributed to the reactivities of the hydroxyl groups that participate in the reactions of the hydrogen abstraction. It is because of the arrangement of the hydroxyl groups that is located on the B ring affects ROS scavenging properties. The hydroxyl groups on the B ring donates hydrogen electrons to the free radicals which results in their
Nrf2-ARE is the pathway that is limited by divalproex. This is an important pathway needed to protect the liver and prevent damage. Nrf2-ARE pathway prevents oxidative damage. Nrf2 translocate into the nucleus when the liver is in oxidative stress in order to active and transcribe different genes that produce phase II detoxifying enzymes as well as antioxidant enzymes. These enzymes will bind to ARE and become activated to protect hepatic cells from oxidative damage.
In this process NADH become NAD+.
11. P-Phenylenediamine P-Phenylenediamine, a coal tar dye, is found in numerous hair dyes and other cosmetics. But, it is especially found in darker hair dyes. Coal tar dyes, including P-Phenylenediamine, are a mixture of many different chemicals. They come from petroleum and are known as a human carcinogen.
Do you know about a fact that maple syrup has same classes of antioxidant compounds as found in berries, tomatoes, tea, red wine, whole wheat and flax seed? The quantity and variety of identified compounds
AP Chemistry enthralled me with its indecipherable French theories and alphabet of Greek formulae, for my studies transmuted these into poignant prose. Information that had once seemed impossibly complex soon flowed from my mind as effortlessly as a pleasant conversation with a friend, and I began tirelessly consuming the material as though I had been starving for it. Cravings which had been subconsciously growing in me since childhood were relieved with a feast of answers: The fundamental concepts of existence revealed in a humble high school classroom. Soon, the only thing more insatiable than my curiosity was my ambition to apply this newly-acquired knowledge to the aching problems of the world. Studying the very building blocks of the universe
These reactions, in turn, depend upon specific vitamins to help catalyze, or facilitate, their actions. Without these vitamins, nothing happens. Even if only one of
In recent research studies, the healing properties of oranges have been associated with a wide variety of phytonutrient compounds. these phytonutrients include citrus flavanones when it's combined with vitamin c the antioxidant properties are expected to be there but it's another molecule that makes the vitamin c stronges and it is the hesperidin molecule which has been singled out as the most important
Linus Pauling played an important role in the pioneering in chemistry. In matter of fact he received a Nobel Prize in 1954 and also in 1962. The Nobel Prize in 1962 was for the development of quantum mechanics during the 1920s. His Nobel Prize in 1954 was for his research in nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of the complex substance . Linus Pauling was born in Portland, Oregon.
Macromolecules are usually used to refer to large biological polymer which are made up of small monomers linked together. All living things contain organic macromolecules, which is divided into four main groups: Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acids. (D 'Onofrio, 2009-2015) Characteristic for these organic molecules is that they are made up of only a small number of elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and to smaller amounts nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur. Carbohydrates are better known as sugars and starches.
Organizations around the world, both big and small, face many management problems, what sets them apart from one another is how they deal with them. Organizations, who understand that a problem is not a negative and are able to see problems as opportunities, will be able to find solutions and garner success. Precision Chem-Dry of Las Vegas, one of those organizations, shows the potential for growth from the recently identified management problem, poor finances, and resource utilization. Before time is spent understanding how Precision Chem-Dry can become a success story by implementing recommended solutions, it is important to understand the organization, the problem it faces, and its needs. Precision Chem-Dry of Las Vegas, a franchise of the parent company Chem-Dry, which provides carpet and upholstery cleaning services throughout the Las Vegas Valley, is struggling to stay afloat.
Karen L. Wooley is a great example of an individual that uses chemistry everyday in her life. She is a very prosperous professor who is very well off, she lives in a mansion and owns a luxurious Maserati. Professor Wooley opened my eyes to a potential new path I could take due to the fact that she is very well off and successful. She delivered a very interesting lecture titled, ““Sophisticated Nanoscopic Macromolecules.” She began by introducing the role of chemists in the world, and how they are “control freaks”, due to the fact that they love to manipulate molecules at the sub-atomic level.
A comparative research study has give evident that cocoa have higher antioxidant activity than black tea, green tea, and red wine. iii. Antioxidants help to neutralize the oxygen-based free radicals that are present in the body. iv. Free radicals are associated with human disease, including cancer, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer 's disease, Parkinson 's disease and many others.
1. In the article One Life, “Scientists have identified approximately one thousand antioxidants in unprocessed coffee beans, and hundreds more develop during the roasting process” (Jong, 2014). 2. Antioxidants help fight inflammation and protect our cells from harmful damage.
MAPK, PKC and PI3K pathways are basically involved in the growth and the differentiation of neuronal cells. As flavonoids and polyphenols are known for modulation of these pathways, so it can be emphasized that flavonoids/polyphenols may exert the beneficial effect in the treatment of PD. The aim of present review is to demonstrate the role of the flavonoids and polyphenols in the treatment of the PD and the mechanism by which they exert beneficial effect. Key Words: Flavonoids; Parkinson’s disease, Basal ganglia; Dopamine; Substantia nigra Introduction Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) region of the midbrain (Dauer and Przedborski, 2003) (Fig.1).
The history of the atom The earliest recorded theory of the atom first came about when Greek philosopher Democritus, in 460AD thought about division of sand grains. He thought that substances could be broken down until they could no longer be made smaller, he called this particle the atomos and this is where the word atom comes from. John Dolton, in the 19th century, was the next person to develop the idea of the atom. His studies on gases he created five assumptions about atoms, some of which are still relevant today: all matter is composed of atoms, atoms cannot be created or destroyed, all atoms of the same element at identical, chemical reactions occur when atoms are rearranged, compound are formed by the combination of two or more atoms.