Summary: A Case Study

2) Arterial Doppler:
Arterial Doppler on both lower limbs was done to all subjects in the study.
How was it prepared:
We asked participants to rest and stop using products that contain nicotine (cigarettes, chewing tobacco) for 30 minutes to 2 hours before the test. Nicotine causes blood vessels to constrict and may give false results.
According to the results, participants in the study were classified either to have PAD or not.
Diagnosis of PAD: Any elderly has stenosis or occlusion or low ABI or combination of both the previous will be considered to have PAD.
A. Ankle-brachial index (ABI):
 The ankle-brachial index is the SBP in the ankle (either the dorsalis pedis or the posterior tibial artery, whichever has the higher pressure) divided by the SBP in the arm (either the left or right, whichever is higher). The lower of the two values obtained (left and right) is the patient’s overall ABP (Kim et al., 2012).

The best way to determine ABPI, aiming at identifying more patients at risk should be considered in other studies (using the lower instead of the higher ankle pressure) (Aboyans et al., 2008b) (Writing Group Members et al., 2011).
The measurement of the ABI was done with a blood pressure cuff, sphygmomanometer, and a handheld Doppler device; the Diaped Flux-200 with 8-MHz Doppler probe device (Figure