Atrial Septal Defect Essay

Pathophysiology When Pulmonary Stenosis is present, resistant to blood flow cause right ventricular hypertrophy – right atrial pressure will increase – reopening of the foramen ovale, shunting of unoxygenated blood into the left atrium, systemic circulation. Clinical manifestation: Cyanosis, characteristic murmur , cardiomegaly . Treatment: Baloon angioplasty (neonate).

The Pintails heart is like a mammals consisting of four chambers, two ventricles and two atria. The left ventricle pumps blood to all major organs in the body and throughout the rest, only excluding the lungs. This causes the left ventricle to be larger and more muscular. The lungs are fed blood from the right ventricle, which is the only the only function of that ventricle. The oxygenated blood coming from the lungs is fully separated from the oxygenated blood coming from other parts of the body.

Cardiac murmurs can be present at birth (congenital; often caused by malformations) or acquired and manifests later in the animals life. (Ex: disease of the cardiac muscles, disease of the cardiac valves, etc.). It is important to note that many animals with heart murmurs can live a long and happy life without

Heart, lungs and the Rest of You By: Olivia Abel 1.Explain how the blood flows throughout your lungs, heart and the rest of your body.   Heart: Your left and right side of your heart work together to pump blood to and throughout your body which is separated by muscular tissue called the septum. In the right side blood enters through two large vein which are the inferior and superior vena cava, emptying poor oxygen blood from the body to the right reticulum. When the left side enters from the pulmonary veins and empties oxygen rich blood from the lungs into the aorta going throughout the body.

Increased pressure also causes the mediastinum to move and negatively affect the venous return to the right atrium1. The hypoxia and impaired venous return leads to cardiac disfunction which can include systemic hypotension. A pneumothorax will cause a progressive decrease in respiratory and cardiac function if not treated. A spontaneous pneumothorax results in a decrease in vital capacity and PaO21. The reduction in the ventilation-perfusion ratio results in alveolar hypoventilation, causing the reduction in PaO2.

AFFENPINSCHER ORIGIN AND HISTORY The Affenpinscher, also known as the Monkey Pinscher or Monkey Terrier, appeared in Europe as early as the 17th century AD.2 This sturdy little terrier provided the genetic foundation for some of the more common small breeds such as the Brussels Griffon.’ The exact date and circumstances of its arrival in North America are not known; however, the breed was well established by the early American Kennel Club DO NOT USE PHOTO 1900s. Affenpinschers were admitted to the AKC Stud Book and to show classification in 1936.

Pulmonary: Chest wall symmetric, respirations even and unlabored. Lungs CTA. Cardiac: Sinus tachycardia, NL S1, S2. No murmurs or rubs.

Because of this inability to contract effectively, the rest of the vital organs receive inadequate amount of blood resulting to inadequate tissue perfusion. There are two types of left-sided HF; systolic and diastolic failure. Systolic failure happens when the left ventricle doesn’t have the enough energy to pump normally the blood to the general circulation. As for diastolic failure, the left ventricle loses the ability to fill itself with blood during resting period resulting to inadequate amount of blood to be pumped out to the circulation (Weinrauch, 2008). The diastolic dysfunction will eventually lead to right-sided heart failure.

Many problems can lead to lack of blood some include: problems with the lungs, airways leading to the lungs, heart problems, drug overdose, and exposure to cold water or air. One is “Tetralogy of Fallot, Which is the most common cyanotic heart defect seen in children beyond infancy. Tetralogy of Fallot is also the most common cyanotic congenital lesion that is likely to result in survival to adulthood and thus is the most common complex lesion to be encountered in the adult population after repair. The original anatomic description of tetralogy of Fallot included a tetrad of malformations: ventricular septal defect, right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, aorta overriding the ventricular septum, and right ventricular hypertrophy.” (Jacobs,

When endoscopic septoplasty is performed in conjunction with ESS, little additional instrumentation is required. Topical epinephrine, oxymetazoline, or cocaine are used to decongest the nasal mucosa before the procedure. Endoscope is used to examine the nasal cavity. If ESS is planned, the position of the septum to the middle turbinates is noted. The middle turbinate attaches anteriorly to axilla of the middle turbinate and superiorly to the lateral nasal wall.

A pneumothorax can be caused by physical trauma to the chest wall or as a complication of a healthcare intervention which is referred to as traumatic pneumothorax. In a minority of cases the amount of air in the chest increases markedly when a one-way valve is formed by an area of damaged tissue, leading to a tension pneumothorax which leads to steadily worsening oxygen shortage and low blood pressure. Unless reversed by effective treatment, it can result in death. Diagnosis of a pneumothorax by physical examination alone can be difficult. Integrated diagnostic modalities can be used for the better detection such as chest X-ray,

Congenital interventional cardiology is a stimulating and fascinating career. It is not algorithm driven, rather it is creative and out of box thinking based science. This fact coupled with the constant developing of newer and more effective devices and tools rendering the field more productive and effective every year. Being able to treat

No carotid bruit. A referral was made to the cardiologist and echocardiography showed pulmonary arterial and right ventricular dilation. Computed tomography (CT) of the neck and thorax showed enlarged pulmonary trunk and artery(Figure 2b). The patient was diagnosed with atrial septal defect(ASD). The patient underwent surgical heart repair of the defect and post-operatively was uneventful.

Vesalius had observed, by dissection, that there were no pores in the septum of the heart. This meant that direct transfer of blood was not possible. Harvey’s explanation for how blood was transferred from the right ventricle to the left ventricle was that it went through the lungs via the pulmonary arteries and returned through veins to the left auricle, and subsequently to the left ventricle. Once again this description was a simplified explanation of flow in line with his observations and those of Vesalius and

Furthermore, left side of the heart was still thicker than the right side of the heart. Figure3: Internal part of right side of the heart During the experiment, a scissors was used to cut the heart through the side of pulmonary artery alongside anterior interventricular artery; the cutting continued down into the wall of right ventricle. The anterior interventricular artery, which is the direct continuation of the left coronary artery descends into anterior interventricular groove.