Translation And Subtitling Strategies

2.2 Concepts

There are some important concepts related to the study, they are translation, subtitling (audiovisual translation), humor, meaning, context of situation, and movie. The theories used in this study are based on what is stated by the experts in the field of verbal humor, ethnography or communication (S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G model) and subtitling strategies.

2.2.1 Translation

According to Maurits D.S. Simatupang (2000: 2), translation is transferring the meaning existing in the SL to the TL, and makes it as natural as possible along with the rules of the TL. Hatim and Munday (2004: 3) define that translation has two senses. The first is related to translation as a process, the second is to a product. The first sense focuses on the role

In audiovisual translation, there are two most widespread modalities adopted for translating products for the screen, they are dubbing and subtitling (Chiaro, 2008). Díaz Cintas and Remael in Scholtes (2016) define subtitling as “a translation practice that consists of presenting a written text, generally on the lower part of the screen, that endeavours to recount the original dialogue of the speakers, as well as the discursive elements that appear in the image (letters, inserts, graffiti, inscriptions, placards, and the like), and the information that is contained on the soundtrack (songs, voices

The first is verbal humor that can be written or spoken. It usually plays with words to create the humorous effects. Franzini (2002: 24) defines that verbal humor is specific humor resulting from the manipulation of language as in riddles, wordplay, puns, jokes, sarcasm, wit, and name-calling. The second is visual humor that does not use words in order to produce humorous effect. It can be defined as a humorous situation, which is not created, described, and expressed by a text. It always uses visual image to arise the humor, such as facial expression, body movement, make up or clothes which are arranged in such a way that makes the viewers laugh. The sample of this kind is a situation of two clowns who are doing a monkey dance.

2.2.3.1 Parameters of A Joke (Humor)

Attardo (2002) bases himself on the General Theory of Verbal Humor (Attardo & Raskin, 1991), which provides a means of measuring similarity of meaning and pragmatic force between text fragments whose perlocutionary goal is the perception of humor. In this particular case, it allows one to determine whether the humorous effect was successfully transferred from the source text to the target text.

There are six internal parameters proposed by Attardo (2000) and six external parameters proposed by Asimakoulas (2004), they can be explained as follows:

a. Six Internal Parameters : script opposition, logical mechanism, situation, target, narrative strategy, and