Parenting: A Literature Review

There are four separate parenting styles which are utilized by parents raising children. They are authoritative, authoritarian, permissive-indulgent, and rejecting-neglecting. The authoritative style is a child-rearing style where parents are restrictive and demanding, yet communicative and warm. Authoritarian is a child-rearing style in which parents demand submission and obedience from the child. Permissive-indulgent is a child-rearing style where the parents are warm and not restrictive. The rejecting-neglecting style is a child-rearing style in which parents are neither restrictive and controlling nor supportive and responsive. The authoritative parents raise the most capable children. Authoritarian parents are cold and rejecting. Permissive-Indulgent parents are easygoing and unconventional. Rejecting-Neglecting are low in support and responsiveness and raise children with

The parenting style that is widely recognized as the “most effective and beneficial parenting style for normal children” is authoritative. This parenting style is demanding and responsive. The authoritative parenting style hold high expectations for their children while providing an understanding support (Hughes, 2013). An authoritative parent is one that remains in control and is both demanding and responsive with their children. They expect their children to hold a certain level of maturity. In this type of parenting style, the relationship between the parent and the child is very structured. The communication is very open between the two. The open communication allows the parent to provide a more understanding support. This way the child knows and understands, not only what their parents expect from them, but also the world around them. As

There are many factors that influence a child’s development but what role does a parent play in the development of a child? What defines a parent? Are parents important in a child’s life or at least the figure of one? A parent is a person that is or acts as a mother or father to someone. Parents play a big role in a child’s life and contribute largely to the development of the children. How so? Each parent has his or her own methodology as to how they would raise their child, this is called parenting style. A developmental psychologist Diana Baurmrind studied parenting styles during the early 1960s. The four parenting styles she developed was based on the actions and behaviors of parents and how they affect child development, paying close attention to four important areas involving a parents ' warmth or nurturance, discipline strategy, communication skills, and expectations of maturity. However, there are many different theories and opinions on the best way to raise a child as well as the amount of investments of time and effort a parent is willing to give to their child or children. This concept is broken up into four categories known as the four types of Parenting Styles; they are the Authoritarian, Authoritative, Permissive and Uninvolved Parenting.

Based on the work of Diana Baumrind (1991), a developmental psychologist, Parenting Styles are commonly used in psychology today. Baumrind identified three initial parts of parenting styles: authoritative parenting, authoritarian parenting and permissive parenting style. Parenting Styles have a two-dimensional framework expanded by Maccoby and Martin (1983). The two dimensional parenting behavior are demandingness and responsiveness. Parenting styles are important, as it determines largely the kind of environment a child is raised in. And psychologist categorized parenting styles in four major groups: Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive, and Neglectful. And many have observed and found out that Authoritative parenting

This paper focuses on the authoritarian and authoritative parenting styles, and discusses the differences and implications on children’s later adjustment. In the later section of the paper, it will be explained if the implications can be generalised to Singaporean families.

Every way that a parent goes about raising their child will have a unique result. Written by Bianca Mgbemere and Rachel Telles, “Types of Parenting Styles and How to Identify Yours” is an article outlining different approaches to parenting and the outcomes each of these approaches has. Each of these major parenting styles are classified by the “different reactions” that the “children which they are used on” harbor (Telles & Mgbemere 1). Telles and Mgbemere expand on four types of parenting styles: neglectful, permissive, authoritative, and authoritarian. Estep, Hanna, et al. utilize these same parenting styles in their study outlined in the report “THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARENTING STYLES, GENERAL DEVIANCE, ACADEMIC DISHONESTY, AND INFIDELITY”. The different approaches are simply classified by a scale of warmth and strictness. Low warmth and low strictness is the neglectful style, high warmth and low strictness is permissive parenting, the authoritative style categorizes itself with high warmth and high strictness, low warmth and high strictness is authoritarian (Estep, Hanna, et al.

Permissive parents are warm and agreeable who hardly restricts the freedom of their children.This type of parenting usually leads to over-demanding, disobedient and indisciplined children. Uninvolved parents are usually so overpowered with their life’s stress that they find it difficult to manage time for their children.They thinks their child capable enogh to takes such decisions which are not even possible for them. Children lacking this parental interference guidance tend to suffer from insecurity and poor self-confidence.

In this part, I will examine Diana Baumrind 's parenting style. I want to explain mainly what the parenting style are. According to Baumrind and her colleagues, there are three parenting styles. These are authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting styles. Baumrind focused on communication and interaction between parents and child. Authoritarian parenting style; parents who have an authoritarian parenting style set strict rules for their children and rules are important for these parents. These families have a weak communication with their children. This communication based on discipline. Children have to

Authoritarian parenting is a style of parenting where the parents provide low levels of warmth and support accompanied by a high level of control over the children. An excellent example of authoritarian parenting is depicted in That 70's show by the main protagonist's (Eric) father, Red Foreman. The show's plot often is driven by Eric's attempt to hide his hijinks from his strict father in fear of punishment or the classic "my-foot-in-your-ass" threats. Red does not often show any warmth or support towards his son, whether it be spending quality time together or giving any type of compliment. In fact, Red is only happy with Eric when he does exactly as he is told despite his late adolescence age. When Eric makes a decision despite his father's authority he is often told that Eric is ruining his own life. Red is quick to insult, put down or punish his son, and on more than one occasion gives Eric an unjust punishment or lengthy grounding. When Eric decides to marry his longtime girlfriend of the show despite his father's wishes, Red does his best to make his son's life miserable; he fires him from the job place they both share, blacklists him to future employers, belittles him, and revokes the promise to pay for future education in hopes of getting Eric to obey. Parents of a different parenting style would not have displayed this type of behavior.

The first parenting style is Authoritarian parenting; it is a one-way communication in which the parents expect immensely from their children without any response and support to them and they are punished severely if failed to meet the objective. These kinds of parents do not offer their children the liberty to make their own decisions and behave quite cold and callous towards them. For example- when kids go out and ask for more candies they are refused instantly since, there are allowed only certain amounts and then there is no room for discussion after the parents close the topic since the kids have to obey. Authoritarian parenting usually affects a child in an adverse way, and they start mistaking tameness and prosperity for love. Children with this style of upbringing have very little pride and are often petrified; some even feel melancholic and

-Dominating/Authoritarian: This is a parent who is a strong believer in rules and provides high expectation for a child’s behavior. These caregivers seldom show affection toward their children. They are harsh when correcting bad behaviors. Kids have low self-esteem.

Parenting has never been easy, and as any parent will admit, it is a very exhausting job. At the same time, parents often claim that it gives the greatest rewards in life. Good parenting is often thought that parents must be involved in the minutiae of their kids’ lives in order to be successful. However, the main goal of parenting is to produce worthy citizens who contribute to their fellow human beings, and it must be up to the individual parent(s) to decide what looks like.

Parenting is one of the most challenging and difficult responsibilities a person can confront. The way a family is structured is called the parenting style. Parenting styles are collections of parental attitudes, practices, and non-verbal expressions that qualify the nature of parent-child relationships. Because people learn how to parent from many different examples, including their own parents, character models, society and life experiences. Parenting techniques can change greatly from household to household, however, experts think that parenting styles can be worn down into four primary classes which include permissive, authoritarian, authoritative, and inattentive. Spanking has been a variety of punishment applied by many parents for years.

Harsh physical punishment can affect an individual mentally and physically. It is related to child maltreatment in childhood and intimate partner violence in adulthood. Harsh physical punishment consists of pushing, grabbing, shoving, hitting, and slapping. Afifi and colleagues stated that experiencing physical maltreatment in childhood with or without other forms of child maltreatment may make physical violence seem acceptable and may increase the likelihood of violence continuing into intimate partner relationships in adulthood. Child maltreatment includes physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, physical and emotional neglect, exposure to intimate partner violence, and intimate partner violence in adulthood (Afifi, Mota, Sareen, &

There have been many studies and research performed based on the topic of different parenting styles. The authoritative parenting style has been deemed as the most effective not only at home but also in the school environment as well. Children raised by an authoritative parent have positive outcomes such as confidence, academic success and independence. The authoritarian parenting style links many negative outcomes such as delinquent behavior and dependence because of the lack of a balance between warmth and discipline (Steinberg 128).