Bacopa Monniera Case Study

CHAPTER 3

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

3.1 Stress Model and Stressor:

Like humans, laboratory rodents can experience many different stressors. Most stressors have both physical and psychological demands. Physical stressors includes restraint stress, electric foot shock, forced swim-test or cold swim, exposure to high intensity noise, inescapable tail shock, immobilization and ether stress (Sutanto, 1994). Psychological stressors are more communal in nature and often consist of isolation, maternal separation, or sleep deprivation.

Westenbroek, 2004 explained in addition to the type of stressor used, a non stress baseline should be achieved in control and experimental animals. In an experiment, both avoidable and inescapable conditions were studied,

Furthermore they identified and named the other alkaloid compounds namely, saponin, hersaponin, D mannitol and potassium salts (Sastri et al, 1959).

Bacopa Monnieri as an herb includes Bacoside A and B with A being up to 8% of the dry leaves by weight when it is extracted to be fresh (Russo et al, 2005). Other Bacosides ranging from 1.43% to 2.75% that included bacopaside-I and bacopaside-II which was later estimated and confirmed (Shinomol et al, 2011). These herbs which when extracted have to maintain its stability for the medicinal purpose, so as to know, it was found that proper storage of Bacopa Monnieri is at 30?C or less, with a relative humidity of 65% or less (Srivastava et al,

More recently, animal studies have found bacopa attenuates scopolamine-induced dementia (Das et al, 2002). Bacopa monniera also demonstrates stress-decreasing activity in both acute and chronic stress situations (Kalyani et al, 2013). The effects of chronic administration of an extract of BM on cognitive function in healthy human subjects have been reported (Stough et al, 2001). Bacoside A and B, the active components of BM were found to facilitate the capacity for mental retention in rats and were active in both positive and negative reinforcement experiments (Singh et al,