Baruch Spinoza's Substance Monism Analysis

By the way, of contrast to Heidegger, Sartre sees authenticity in connection the structure of human existence, a combination of facticity and freedom resulting in what he calls bad faith. Bad faith is when a conscious being denies their own freedom to choose from among an array of possibilities or denying an aspect of their own facticity, thus acting inauthentic. The two types of bad faith are, being-for-itself, and being-in-itself, both unavoidable, Sartre remarks, as the structure of human consciousness are a ubiquitous feature. For example, a murderer who refuses to acknowledge that they are a murderer, when his mother visits his holding cell and asks, with all sincerity, if he did murder people.

An adherent to Abhidharma may object to the Madhyamaka conception of two realities by first criticizing the picture it creates. When an ultimate reality is posited, it seems rational to think those who posit it should provide a description of what that reality is like. Madhyamaka, despite positing an ultimate reality, fails to give a positive description of that reality. They declare this task impossible, as it requires using concepts to describe ultimate reality, a non-conceptual view of the world. That said, if one fails to describe ultimate reality in a positive way, then they leave us without a specific target in our quest for enlightenment.

I am suggesting that his claim is a circular claim in as asking for verification for causality and instead that cause and effect is what the evidence are made up of. Causes are not literal but merely an explanation of the world, not to be confused with our

Most famously advocated by René Descartes, substance dualism is the view that minds, which are essentially thinking and consist of mental substance, and bodies, which are necessarily extended and made of material substance, are ontologically separate entities. The material and mental have entirely different natures, so a mind cannot be equivalent to a body. Human beings, therefore, must be mixtures of the two substances. Substance dualists assert that, despite lacking properties in common, mind and body connect through the capacity of each to causally affect the other (Kim 34). While this position may initially appear intuitive and commonsensical, Descartes and subsequent dualists have faced a multitude of challenges concerning mental causation.

Evans and Manis argue that the creation of contingent beings is dependent on a necessary being, and as a result, there must be an existent necessary being to create them. Yes, a necessary being may be uncaused since its existence does not require an explanation, but that does not mean that the cosmological argument does not entitle it. Despite this argument’s importance, Evans and Manis do mention that the cosmological argument is only a small piece of the puzzle when establishing the existence of God. The authors contend that the cosmological argument “hardly constitutes more than entering a wedge into the knowledge of God” (Evans and Manis 77). If someone accepts the conclusion of this argument, then they should search for more ways to learn about God and obtain further knowledge of

However, the statement “Kant argues that we should never act based on hypothetical imperatives” is false. Kant believes that hypothetical imperatives can be applied rarely, in certain situations. The principle of universalizability states that if one act is correct then another act, in an identical situation, should be correct too. Treating others how you would like to be treated is the golden rule, so according to the principle of universalizability if person A treats person B one way, it only makes sense for person B to treat person A that way.

The author uses this objection as an example to prove that Descartes’s idea of the mind and body existing without each because he imagines It, is wrong. Visualizing is not a very dependable way of proving something

Cleanthes’s second objection rests on the rationale that even if everything in Demea’s argument is sound, it is still not enough to conclude the existence of God. Cleanthes grants the fact that Demea’s argument is sound in proving the existence of a necessarily existing being. But who’s to say this necessity is god? Why not the material universe for example? Cleanthes argues that we are clueless in knowing anything about the qualities and mechanics of necessary existence and therefore by no means have the authority in giving priority to God being the necessary cause over something

Incompatibilism is a philosophical thesis about how relevant determinism actually is to free will. It questions the truth of determinism rules out the existence of free will. An incompatibilist would believe that if determinism turned out to be true, then it must be true that we don’t have free will, and that we never had it to begin with. Soft Determinism is a view that holds that determinism and free will coexist in a person. This is also called Self-Determinism, which is when we are the causes of our actions, and that our actions

To assume such possibility can occur is not realistic. It is a faulty assumption because we can apply to phenomena the principle that if the conditioned is given, then the totality of conditions is also given. A phenomena is an objects as given in sense intuition or as it appears to the subject. His attempt to extend our knowledge of “the world” through synthetic a priori propositions ends in antinomies. Which leads you to question if the world actually has a beginning because without reason how can you be for certain.

Ryle is a philosopher who does not believe in substance dualism by saying that substance dualism is a category mistake. Ryle states that Descartes's belief that he is an immaterial substance and his essential property is thought is flawed as the mind is not something that can be categorized with an immaterial substance and should be categorized alongside the brain. Ryle’s belief is called behaviorism and says that all mental events can be reduced to descriptions of behavior. For example behaviorism believes that mentally when you believe it will rain your behavior explains that by taking your umbrella. The major fault with behaviorism is that you believe it's going to rain and you take your umbrella but simply what if you were simply thinking